Introduction
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common non-progressive neurological disorders in children, caused by brain damage during fetal development, birth, or early infancy. This condition leads to severe impairments in motor function, muscle control, balance, coordination, speech, cognition, and the ability to perform daily living activities. CP is classified into several types, including spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixed CP, each of which affects the child’s motor function differently.
Children with CP face numerous challenges, such as muscle weakness, movement difficulties, spasticity (abnormal increase in muscle tone), imbalance, and deficits in motor skills. These issues result in limitations in walking, limb movements, motor coordination, and even communication. Rehabilitation interventions, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and modern treatments such as virtual reality (VR) and Kinesiotaping, can help improve these impairments and enhance children’s independence. Therefore, this study aims to review the effects of rehabilitation interventions on improving the physical and motor functions of children with CP.

Methods
This study is a scoping review study conducted based on the five-stage framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley [1]. The related studies were searched in national databases, including MagIran, SID, and IranDoc, and international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using Specialized keywords such as Cerebral palsy, rehabilitation interventions, motor disorders, physical therapy modalities, and their Persian equivalents. The timeframe of the studies ranged from 2004 to 2024. Among 68 articles found in the initial search, 18 duplicates were eliminated. After screening titles and abstracts, 14 articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and 6 unrelated articles were excluded. Finally, 30 relevant articles were selected for the final analysis. 

Results
The results of studies indicated that rehabilitation interventions play a significant role in improving the physical and motor functions of children with CP. The review identified 13 specialized domains, each of which impacts motor and physical function improvement in these children. Bilateral movement exercises significantly enhanced coordination between both hands, activated mirror neurons, and increased movement precision. VR-based therapies, by creating an interactive and engaging environment, boosted motivation and improved muscle coordination and motor control. Kinesiotaping also contributed to reducing spasticity and increasing the range of motion (ROM) in children. Treadmill exercises combined with VR improved walking ability, balance, and muscle strength in CP children. Hatha yoga had positive effects on enhancing balance, reducing falls, and increasing flexibility in children. Auditory stimulation, particularly in controlled environments, improved balance performance by strengthening vestibular system processing. Rebound therapy exercises, focusing on strengthening anti-gravity muscles and body balance, had a positive impact on children’s mobility. Additionally, using a short thumb splint improved hand function and increased thumb ROM, significantly enhancing daily activities such as grasping and holding objects.
Balance exercises, including aerobics and static exercises, demonstrated improvements in motor control and a reduction in body fluctuations during movement. Studies indicated that children with CP who underwent balance training had better balance retention and fall prevention compared to control groups. Regarding brain stimulations, such as functional electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, the findings of studies showed that these methods could enhance muscle control and reduce spasticity levels, particularly benefiting children with severe spasticity. The wearable technologies such as smart orthoses and robotic-assisted devices, contributed to increasing the ROM, improving gait, and reducing muscle fatigue. Sensorimotor interventions, including proprioception exercises and massage therapy, showed positive effects on reducing spasticity and enhancing muscle function. These interventions were particularly beneficial for children with muscle coordination problems.
Additionally, studies indicated that parent training programs played a crucial role in enhancing rehabilitation effects. Parents who participated in educational programs could more effectively apply therapeutic methods at home, leading to faster improvement in children’s function. Aquatic exercises and hydrotherapy were also reviewed in the studies. Findings demonstrated that the aquatic environment, by reducing gravitational effects, increased ROM and reduced pain in children with CP. Water-based exercises also improved balance and walking function in these children. In addition to the mentioned interventions, nutritional programs rich in protein and nutritional supplements played a vital role in enhancing children’s growth and physical status. These supplements improved metabolic conditions and increased muscle strength in children with CP.

Conclusion
The rehabilitation interventions, such as VR, Yoga, rebound therapy, Kinesiotaping, as well as nutritional interventions, have significant positive effects on improving the physical and motor functions of children with CP. However, the studies suggest that further research is necessary to investigate the long-term effects of these interventions. Future studies with larger sample sizes and more rigorous methodologies are required to confirm these findings. Additionally, combining various therapeutic approaches may lead to improved treatment outcomes.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered. Since no experiments were conducted on human or animal samples, ethical approval for this study was waived.

Funding
This study received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing initial draft, validation, and project administration: Ali Akbari (First author); Data collection, formal analysis, and review and editing: Zahra Gharagozloo; Validation: Ali Akbari (third author); Supervision, critical revision: Mohadeseh Babaei; Final approval: All authors.

Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. 


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