Iran Journal of Nursing

  The aim is the study on the impact of Pethedine 4 hours before labor on newborn. Data was gathered based on the Apgar scores in first and fifth minutes after birth. Three groups of mothers were selected: without any use of Pethedine, use of Pethedine less than 4 hours before labor and use of Pethedine more than 4 hours before labor.

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  Until recent years pharmacological researches focused on pathogeneses and abnormality in organogenesis but now researchers are studying drugs physiological disorders in pregnancy. These studies are specially focused on mothers and fetus, regulatory mechanism of passing drugs through placenta and movement of drug' materials between barriers of milk and blood in the breast. Also the physiological changes for compensate of hormones, body fluids, fat tissues and blood volume are studying.

  Nine month of pregnancy would be in observations for wide spread interactions between mother and infant.

  Drug abuse is one of the problematic issues in almost every countries in the world. To assess knowledge and drug abuse among young adults, particularly in university students is more important. Therefore this study was conducted in order to assess knowledge and drug abuse among students.

  The study design was cross-sectional. In the study, 200 students who were studying in lar 2004, were randomly selected. Data were gathered by a questionnarie with acceptable validity & relability. Reliability of the instrument was assessed by test retest method (r=0/84). One hundrd and ninty two out of 200 students responded to the questionnaire. The questionnair consisted of demographic characteristic items regarding knowledge of drug dependency and addiction signs & symptomes of drug abuse and it's side effect among drug useres.

  The study results showed that, at least 22.4% of the total subjects (N=200), had used illegal drugs and about 38% of the subjects were participated in a drug abuse party. One of the study findings was statistically significant regarding relationship between living in the university dormitory and drug abuse (P=0.0001). In addition, 65% percent of the subjects believed that religious bond could prevent people to have a tendency to drug abuse invasion.

  It seem that, living in the university dormitories is a predisposing factor in the pattern of drug abuse. Therefore, it would be necessary that to pay more attention to the environmental living situation of the students, in the universities.

  Background & Aim: Drug abuse is a kind of unhealthy behaviour or behavioural disorder especially among adolescents. Ecstasy is one of the most dangerous substance which is abused and has numerous harmful side effects. The aim of the study was to determine knowledge about ecstasy and the rate of ecstasy abuse among adolescents in 1385.

  Material & Method: the design was a cross-sectional study that was carried out in the West of Tehran. Eight hundred adolescents who were 16-18 years old and resided in the areas of West Tehran, were selected continously and participated in this study. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire consisted of items regarding knowdge and performance about ecstasy with some questions about demographic information.

  Results: The study findings showed that 53.8% of adolescents had moderate knowledge regarding ecstasy. The difference between boys and girls’ knowledge was not statistically significant. With respect to abusing ecstasy, the findings revealed that 7.6% of subjects used ecstasy at least once. Chi square test showed a significant difference between girls and boys performance about estasy abuse (P=0.000, c ² =19.73). Also there was not any significant relationship between knowledge and performance of the adolescents towards ecstasy abuse. The frequency of abuse of ecstasy was significantly different between male and female adolescents (P=0.000, c ²=19.73). Relationship between knowledge about ecstasy and abuse of it was not significant.

  Conclusion: Based on the study findings, establishment of in-service educational programs related to life skills for teachers and parents in order to improve these skills in adolescent pupils are important. Public propagganda through billboards, posters, short messages regarding drug abuse consequences seem to be necessary among adolescents. Also educational programs by famous actors and sportsmen in order to attract public attention to increase knowledge about drug abuse and their harmful side effects will be useful as a preventive strategy.

  Background and Aim: One of the most important functions of nurses, which require preparation and powerful scientific background, skill in decision making and careful attention to drug laws is administration of the drugs to the patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowldege and practice of the student nurses about drugs by OSCE method at the end of the third year of their education.

  Material and Method: In this cross- sectional study, 48 student nurses (45 females and 3 males), with a mean age of 21 years took part in a theoretical exam and 36 of them participated also in a practical exam. A demographic questionnaire including personal details, Over Time working (OT), the usage pharmacological sources and the level of encountering different pharmacological methods was used to collect data. Then, a theoretical exam, covering the whole drugs the subjects had learnt during 6 semesters, was taken and after that, 9 routes of drug administration (Suppository, NG tube, PO, SQ, IV, IM, ID, Topical and inhalation) were examined by OSCE Method in 2 consecutive days. The scores were given based on the drug administration check list.

  Results: The findings showed that encountering students with different routes of drug administration were Topical =93.7%, Inhalation=31.25%, SUPP =43.75%, NG= 98%, ID=6.26%, SQ= 98%, IV = 100%, PO=100% and IM=100%.

  The mean score of theoretical and practical exam were 49.02 and 63.8, respectively. A correlation of 0.32 was obtained between scores of theoretical and practical exam

  Conclusion: Since drugs administration requires both pharmacological information and practical skills, special attention should be paid to the theoretical and practical education of student nurses.  

  Background and Aim : Oxygen therapy is a method in which oxygen is provided with more density than that in the atmosphere. Oxygen is used in the treatment of many diseases and since it is considered as a drug, it has to be prescribed and controlled like a drug. This research was done with the purpose of determining the observance of oxygen therapy standards by nurses before and during oxygen therapy.

  Materials and method: In this descriptive study, 36 nurses, working in lung wards of the hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, were included in the study and their practice on oxygen therapy procedure was studied during the year 2006. Data collection tools were questionnaire and checklist and data collection methods were interview and observation. The researcher collected data on staff nurses practice of oxygen therapy, before and during the therapy, twice for each staff. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

  Results: The performance before the oxygen therapy for all staff nurses (%96.3) was at a low level. Also, the performance during oxygen therapy for majority of staff nurses was at a low level.

 Abstract

  Background & Aim: The high prevalence of various diseases in elderly people may cause polypharmacy. Administration of the multiple drugs in elderlies makes them prone to side effects and problems related to drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of polypharmacy and its related factors among elderlies in Gonabad, 2011.

  Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 323 elderlies were selected through random stratified sampling method. Data were collected using a 30-item questionnaire including demographic sheet, drug use pattern and its related factors. Validity and reliability of the first questionnaire was determined using content validity and internal proportion and consistency respectively (α-Cronbach's= 0.72). Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA using SPSS-PC (v.19).

  Results: Over 72.1% of the subjects were taking medications. The mean number of medications was 4.06 ± 0.3 per day. Polypharmacy was found in 56.6% of the subjects. Polypharmacy had a significant relationship with sex (P <0. 0001), occupation (P = 0.004) and medication adherence (P = 0.017).

  Conclusion: According to the findings, polypharmacy is a common problem in the elderlies. Therefore, nurses could play an important role in preventing the risks of polypharmacy in elderly people, through educating seniors and their care givers.

  Received: 20 May 2013

  Accepted: 24 Aug 2013

Abstract

Background & Aims: Drug prescribing by nurses is a historic movement for the nursing profession and an essential part of the solution that the leading countries health care system applied in order to improve access and reduce patients waiting time to receive medication. Despite the increasing attention of the world to discuss nurse prescribing, the review of the literature indicates that there is no evidence in nurse prescribing in Iran. This study aimed to assess nurse prescribing context in our country.

Material & Methods: This study was designed as a descriptive qualitative study.  The purposeful sampling method carried out through semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders of health care system, including policy makers, doctors and nurses. Data analysis was conducted using conventional content analysis and the coding of interviews was performed by MAXQDA software. To achieve the accuracy and reliability of the data, the Lincoln and Guba authenticity criteria were used.

Results:Analysis of the recorded interviews of participants in this study resulted in 38 original codes, 5 sub categories and 5 main categories. The main extracted categories were "The theoretical context of nurse prescribing " with 2 sub categories, "Organizational context of nurse prescribing" with 3 sub categories, "Educational context of nurse prescribing", "Research context " and "The socio-cultural context of nurse prescribing,".

Conclusion:The views and perspectives of nursing policy makers and health care system stakeholders indicated there are many challenges in organizational, educational, research and socio-cultural context of nurse prescribing that require the problem based designing in nurse prescribing field.