Iran Journal of Nursing

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  Extract

Surprisingly, vaccination has well controlled Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis and Measles in fifty last years. Also tetanus and Tuberculosis in pediatric has gone, but vaccination as one of the most effective methods in prevention is not accessible to all the children in the world. Based on the Mahler Theories, about 80 million children were born in under development countries yearly but all of them aren't vaccinated. There are lots of reasons with special importance in different countries. Reasons such as: no enough accessible services for mothers to vaccinate their children in appropriate ages and lack of professional personal for management and planning which resulted in not using vaccination programs to reduce the mortality

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  Background : International travelers are one of those groups who are in danger of affecting with AIDS. They should be informed about it's risk factors. It is not important where the travelers intend to go, but it is important that they have information about ways of transmission and prevention of AIDS.

  Objective : To determine knowledge of non pilgrims international travelers about the ways of transmissions and prevention of AIDS.

  Design : This was a cross- sectional study. Data were collected through questionnaire.

  Samples : 200 non pilgrims travelers were selected randomly.

  Results : The findings indicated that the knowledge of non pilgrims travelers about ways of transmissions and prevention of AIDS was in middle range.

  Conclusion : Research findings showed that the knowledge of travelers intending to go abroad are not enough about transmission and prevention of AIDS. In order to protect their health their knowledge should be increased through education.

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  Background : Pregnant women with high level of anxiety are likely to give birth to babies who are irritable, restless, have sleep disorders and low birth weight.

  Objective : To determine the relation of psychosocial status of women during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes.

  Design : This was a comparative study. Data were collected using a questionnaire.

  Samples : 360 subject nuliparas to multiparas 4, were selected through consequative sampling, 180 in each group (appropriate and inappropriate psycholocial status).

  Results : There was a relation between psychosocial status of mothers and LBW (p=0.005), IUGR (p=0.028) and preterm labor (p=0.000).

  Conclusion : Emotional support by family and health care providers should be targeted at women with poor psychosocial status during pregnancy in order to decrease their emotional distress and to enhance their self- esteen and self- confidence.

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According to the reports of world health organization (WHO), 80 percent of human diseases are due to contaminated water either for drinking or sanitation. International water sanitation program says that 50 percent of people across the world have no access to healthy water and 75 percent of the third world population do not have water for sanitation. The present semi experimental study aims at determining factors relevant to the chlorination in the families under the coverage of health houses of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Research sample was composed of 2100 households which were under the coverage of health houses of the province. They were investigated in two groups (case and control) on the basis of stratified and random sampling. The findings indicated that 37.5. Percent of households who used 1% chlorine for chlorination, had a comprehensive knowledge about it and of which 23.5 percent belonged to the control group. The results of logestic regression indicated that those who had good or moderate knowledge, used 1% chlorine for chlorination more than the group with poor knowledge. Finding also showed that 98.8 percent in case group and 93.7 percent in the other one had a positive approach to chlorination. Furthermore, a significant correlation was established between approaches and performances of both groups (P<0.05). Meaningful relationships existed between the level of knowledge and approaches, household and ethnicity, the performances and the size of the households (P< 0.05). Reasons for not doing chlorination were awful taste and smell (37.65%), no access to chlorine (26.64%) and time limitation to do so (18.23%), meanwhile, those who were doing chlorination mentioned that prevention of diseases (68.88%), considering sanitary principles (16.06%) and a combination of these two (12.06%) are our reasons for doing this task. To conclude, regarding the results of this study training programs should be considered to enhance awareness about the importance of chlorination and the usage method, in order to prevent undesirable physical damages due to contaminated water.

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Powerlessness has become endemic among most nurses in their work settings. It may be the result of inappropriate distribution of power in hospitals, allocating power to only a few at the top of hospital hierarchy imposing it. Determining the relationship between nurses' perception of their head nurses' empowering behaviors and their own work empowerment, a correlational study with contribution of 132 licensed nurses was carried on, in which nurses perceptions were measured by two self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that nurses obtained a moderate score in Leader Empowering Behavior (LEB). scale ( =3.78 1.71) and also in Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaires (C.W.E.Q) ( =15.15 4.2). Also a relatively strong statistically significant relation between the two major variables of the study was identified (rs=0.518, p<0.0001). So, it can be revealed that organizational managers have important roles in increasing work effectiveness through facilitating employees' access to empowerment structures at work settings. Broader surveys on empowerment in nursing and other health care professions are suggested.

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  The 21^st century is the era of continuous changes in the way modern medical and scientific world functions, thus the need for adaptation in complex systems becomes paramount. In such a dynamic society optimum standard of survival may depend on the ability of individuals and groups to investigate multiple alternatives or choices and finally make wise decisions. Therefore, the need for critical thinking skills is an absolute vitality for today’s health science professionals.

  Education is the most powerful tool in developing learning skills and the main aim of every educational institution is to assist students and trainees to achieve such end. Besides professional competency, the main aim of medical sciences education is to develop students’ ability in decision making ability and problem solving, and leading them to become efficient critical thinkers.

  Critical thinking skills are vital in coping with the unprecedented rapid changes occurring in health care field. In order to cope with the complexity of today’s medical issues, nurses and physicians need to equip themselves to critical thinking ability so that they can offer the most effective services and treatments for their patients and clients.

  It seems that there is challenge in training capable and skilful graduates in Iran medical education system. Hence, essential actions are needed to uplift the standard of medical education in this country. To this end, urgent priority should be given both to development and improvement of critical thinking skills of students and trainees of health field.

  First, based on authors’ experiences, some of the barriers for critical thinking skills nursing of students is reviewed. Then, based on literature review and panel of experts’ viewpoints a suggested solution in a graphical format, is suggested. Planning for an urgent action is also suggested to improve critical thinking skills of students and trainees in health field which seemingly is a challenge in iran nursing education system.

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Background: Although family caregiving is the essential part in health care systems, but there is not any qualitative research in Iran about nature of family caregiving process in frail elderly at home. Aim: The present study is a part of study about family caregiving process and its aim has been determining of facilitator and barrier factors of this process .

 Method : In this grounded theory study according to Strauss and Corbin's approach(1998) , 14 family caregivers participated and data was gathered by in-depth semi-structured interview and observation in the field and movies .All of interviews were transcribed and were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding. Triangulation of the data gathering from different methods, prolonged engagement with caregivers, member check by participants and experts, was used to increase rigor of the study.

 Findings :"Searching a balance point" is the family care giving process and core variable in this study. Caregivers experienced facilitator and barriers factors in 6 sub-groups that affect the caregiving process.

Conclusion : Modifying facilitator and barriers factors by improvement of other family members participation and assistance , caregiver support , improvement of caregiving knowledge , providing facilities and establishing appropriate health care and wellbeing policies not only for caregiver but also for care recipient would be effective in managing of the process by caregivers.