@article{ author = {A.Azadi, and M.Anoosheh,}, title = {Needlestick Injuries Reporting among Clinical Nurses}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: Exposure to blood-borne pathogens by needlestick injuries (NSIs) continues to pose significant risks to healthcare workers (HCW). The number of contaminated NSIs sustained by HCW primarily due to underreporting, is still unclear. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate the Needlestick Injuries and the rate of reporting among Clinical Nurses. Material ;Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses in one teaching hospital and one nonteaching hospital in Tehran. To investigate the causes of these injuries 111nurses with using purposive sampling method, were contributed and voluntarily and anonymously filled in a questionnaire on the demographic and professional characteristics. In this study, data regarding the frequency of contaminated needlestick and the rate of reporting the injuries and the reasons for not reporting such injuries, were collected.   Results: According to the findings, 54.1% (n=60) of the subjects had no contaminated injuries and 45.9% (n=51) had experienced at least one contaminated NSI in their period of clinical practices. Thirty-four percent of the nurses experienced 58 contaminated needlestick injuries in the past 12 months (Crude Incidence Rate: 0.52 NSI/nurse/year) . Only 36.8% (n=14) of the nurses who had experienced NSIs in the previous year, were reported all exposures to the needlestiks . The reasons for not reporting injuries consisted of dissatisfaction with follow up (33.3%), low probabilities of the infection risk of the injury source (29.2%), to be busy (12.5%), not familiar with reporting process (16.7%) and low perception of risks (8.3%) . Conclusion: This study suggests that the ferequency of NSIs and the rate of underreporting among Iranian nurses are considerable and it needs to be further investigated. Interventions such as continous training of nursing staff about standard reporting protocols and precautions of the post-exposure procedures might improve reporting of such injuries among nurses}, Keywords = {Needles- Accidents, Occupational- Reporting- Nurses Clinicans}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {7-14}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Nikpour, and F.Shahpourian, and HajiKazemi, ES and F.Hosseini, and M.Safdari,}, title = {The Relationship Between Women’s Satisfaction With Prenatal Care Services and Characteristics of the Women and the Provision of Services}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Women’s satisfaction from prenatal care, can lead to increase using the services and ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between women’s satisfaction with prenatal care services and demographic characteristics of the pregnant women.   Material & Method: This study used a descriptive correlational design. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The satisfaction dimensions were the accessibility, coordination, communication of the personnel, availability, and the received information regarding prenatal care, quality, and the cost of the services.The study subjects consisted of 530 Iranian women living in the west of Tehran, who gave birth and attended to the health clinics, at 6 week postnatal period.   Results: Most of the women (69.8%) had good level of satisfaction with provided prenatal care and 21.9% were satisfied at the level of excellence. The women were more satisfied with accessibility, received information, communication, quality of services. There was a statistically significant positive association between education levels, economical status, and health situation during pregnancy and women’s satisfaction with prenatal care services (P<0.05).Women with high education levels, good economical status and optimum health situation during pregnancy were more satisfied. There were statistically significant association between the waiting time for prenatal care visits and the number of prenatal visits and women’s satisfaction with prenatal care services (P<0.05) . Women’s satisfaction with the services were increased with the frequency of prenatal care visits, but their satisfaction were decreased as the waiting time was prolonged.   Conclusion: According to the study findings, the majority of the subjects (90.7%) were satisfied with the received prenatal care. Therefore they could use health services continously and appropriately so encouraging the other women to use the services frequently would be necessary.  }, Keywords = {Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Women,Consumer Satisfaction, Maternal Health Services }, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {15-27}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Soleimany, and F.NasiriZiba, and A.Kermani, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {Comparison of Sleep Quality in Two Groups of Nurses With and Without Rotation Work Shift Hours}, abstract ={  Background & Aim : Nurses with the nature of their own career and profession confronting with many issues and tension in their work environment and different work shifts in day and night time make them susceptible to sleep disorders, particularly where the majority of nurses are females who have the responsibilities of caring of their families and other social and professional roles which limits the period of their sleep time. Therefore, this study is conducted with the purpose of comparison of sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without rotation work shift hours.   Material & Method : This study was a descriptive comparative desing with the sample size of 520 nurses that were selected with the stratified sampling method who have been working in different work shift hours in teaching hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The data collection instrument was Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).   Results : The findings showed that %69.6 of the subjects had a good quality of sleep and the remainder (% 30.4) had a bad sleep quality. About % 56.2 of the subjects with the rotation work shift had a good sleep quality and %43.8 had a bad sleep quality. The result of Chi-Square test showed that there is a significant difference between sleep quality among nurses with fixed and unfixed work shift hours. In other words, the nurses without rotation work shifts had better sleep quality than the nurses with rotation work shifts.   Conclusion : Proper and efficient management of nursing work settings and accurate planning in work shifts are suggested to reduce nurses' sleep disorders. Improving sleep quality in nurses could increase their general health and ultimately promote the quality of caring in patients.}, Keywords = {Sleep Quality, Nurses,Shift Work, Rotation Shift Work}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {29-38}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Imanipour, and Sh.Bassampour,}, title = {Correletes of Age, Sex and Postoperative Homodynamic Status With Extubation Time after Coronary Artery Bipass Graft}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Mechanical ventilation after open-heart surgery is one of the essential practices in patients. Awareness about some variables which are associated with extubation time is necessary for decision making about the appropriate time for this procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex, age and postoperative homodynamic status are associated with extubation time after Coronary Artery Bipass Graft (CABG).   Material & Method: The research was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital in Tehran. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected by reviewing of 93 records of eligible patients by convenience sampling method. Data collecting tool was a checklist and data analyzed by chi-square and regression analysis.   Results: Fourty three percent of patients were extubated in 6 hours or less and 57% of them were extubated in more than 6 hours after surgery. The mean of intubation time was 7.19±3.00 hours, with a range of 3.00-18.25 hours. Age was the only variable that was found to be statistically significant to extubation time (P<0.05).   Conclusion: According to the findings, age is associated with intubation time after CABG. Therefore, nurses should take into the account this factor to make decision regarding the time of extubation in older patients.}, Keywords = {Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures, Coronary Artery Bypass, Sex, Age}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {39-50}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {D.Hekmatpou, and M.Anoosheh, and F.Alhani,}, title = {Pathology of Patient Education: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Patient education by nurses can be one of the best strategies for optimum self- care at home. The objective of this study is pathologic study of patient education process and answering to these questions :1- What is the process of patient education? 2- What are the pathogens of correct implementation of patient education?   Material & Method: This was a qualitative research with using content analysis method. Sample size included twenty B.S nurses, three MS nurses, ten nurse students and ten hospitalized patients. The setting of the study was schools of Nursing and Midwifery and 2 general hospitals of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Data gathering method was semi - structured interview. Analysis of data was done based on content analysis method.   Results: The study Findings showed that factors related to: 1- Curriculum planning, in Schools of Nursing and Midwifery 2- Patient education courses 3- Insufficient attention to nurses conditions 4- Insufficient attention to educational, cultural and habitual needs of patients and their families 5- Educational management 6- Attitude of participants to patient education, were key issues in the process of patient education that was related to inappropriate implementation of patient education in clinical settings.   Conclusion: Patient education and nurses' role in this regard were significant factors to be considered. The pathogens which were effective on incorrect implementation of patient education, decrease the quality of care nursing. Applying the new curriculum planning can empower nurses on patient education. Providing in service training for clinical nurses and patient education follow up by clinical and educational managers can lead patient health promotion.}, Keywords = {Pathology, patient Education, Qualitative Research }, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Sh.Salarvand, and H.Abedi, and H.Hosseini, and Sh.Salehi, and M.Keyvanara,}, title = {The Emotional Experiences of Elderly People Regarding the Process of Residency in Nursing Homes}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: There isincreasing rate of tendency of leaving elderly people to live in nursing homes in recent years. It is suggested that, the common view of the elderly people towards living in nursing homes is known as "the final sign of failure in the life'. It seems that this attitude has a negative influence on adaptation of elders when confronting with a challenge. Therefor, the understanding of the emotional experiences of elderly people to spend their life in nursing homes is important. In this study , the objective was to explore the emotional experiences of elders who living in nursing homes. The research question is “How is structure and meaning of the emotional experiences of elderly people in the Process of Residency in nursing homes?”  Material & method: A qualitative phenomenological approach was used in this study with applied purposive sampling amongst elderly residents in private and public nursing homes in Isfahan. Sampling was continued till data saturation and the resulting sample size consisted 10 participants. The data was collected by in-depth interviews. Field notes was used for completing data collection process and Colaizzi's method was applied for data analysis. The rigor of present study was based on the transferability and credibility. Results: Two themes were extracted from the data (structural components of experience), including: Residents’ emotional experiences during nursing home life and Resident’s emotional experiences at the entrance in the nursing home.  Conclusion: In this study, older people have shown various emotions to relocation and residency in nursing homes. Elders, with different context and different history in their life, had unique experiences. In addition, it is essential to pay attention to social, financial, mental, spiritual and physical needs of elders as components of holistic care. In fact because concerning only physical needs of elderly people can not lead to promote hopeful, meaningful and purposful life for the elderly people.}, Keywords = {Aged,Homes for the Aged,Feelings}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {61-71}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.S.Hajinezhad, and Rafii, F and E.Jafarjalal, and H.Haghani,}, title = {Relationship Between Nurse Caring Behaviors from Patients’ Perspectives & Their Satisfaction}, abstract ={  Introduction & Aim: "Caring" is the central concept of nursing role, but in the current health care systems with huge advances in technology and scarce resourses as well as the issue of nursing personnel shortage, this aspect of nursing role would be questionable. Accordingly, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between nurse caring behaviors from patients’ perspectives and patient satisfaction.   Material & Method: This study was a descriptive-correlational design, with 250 patients, who where hospitalized in an educational center of Iran University of medical sciences. The subjects were selected by quota sampling method. The data collection instruments were Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI) and Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI).   Results: The study findings showed that, there were significant correlations between caring behaviors including respectfulness to others, assurance of human presence, positive connectedness, professional knowledge & skill, attentiveness to other's experience and patient satisfaction including Trust, Patient education and Technical- Professional care. Moreover, there was a strong, positive correlation between all variables of the nurse caring behaviors and patient satisfaction (r=0.72, P=0.000). Conclusion: Positive relationship between nurse caring behaviors and patient satisfaction indicates that compassionate nurses with humanistic feelings and art and spending more time for direct caring for patients, play important roles on patient satisfaction. Therefore increasing the time period of direct caring by increasing the number of practice nurses and concerning humanisitic aspects of patient care would reduce the levels of patients dissatisfaction}, Keywords = {Nursing Care, Behavior, Patient Care, Consumer Satisfaction}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {73-83}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.HosseinnejadNayrisi, and F.Alhani, and M.Anoosheh, and S.Faghihzadeh,}, title = {The Effect of Designed Home Visit Program on Promoting Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Preventive Behaviors}, abstract ={  Introduction & Aim: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is the second common parasitic disease in Iran. According to several studies, insufficient knowledge of mothers about the prevention strategies related to occurrence of the disease in their children are significant. Therefor, educating of the rural families by home visit program could be effective approach to prevent Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of designed home visit program on promoting preventive behaviors regarding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in rural families of Tang Hanna district in Neyriz.   Material & Method: The study was a quasi-experiemental desing which 60 families with at least one child (with 6-12 years old) were randomly selected, with (no Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) from seven rural areas and assigned to two groups of experimental and control groups and matched to demographic indicators (age, education, income...). Data collection tools included a questionnaire and observational- interviewing checklist about preventive behaviors. The Pretest phase was performed in two groups during 3 meetings. Then, home visit program was performed in experimental group for 4-5 meetings. The duration of each meeting was about 45 minutes for the period of one month and half. Then the post test phase was performed in the two groups, after intervention.   Result: According to the results, independent t- test and Chi-squire test indicated that there was no significant difference between experimental group and control group (in demographic variables such as: age, sex, education, …) before the intervention . The t-test and Chi-square test indicated that there as not any significant differences between experimental and control group (P>0.05). Paired t-test and independent t- test indicated that there was a significant difference between before and after intervention about families performance in the experimental group (P<0.001) compared to the control group. Also Independent t-test indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental group and control group after intervention in some preventive behaviors regarding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (P<0.001).   Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be claimed that using a designed home visit program could be an effective approach in the promoting of preventive behaviors about Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the subjects. Moreover the results indicate that home-visit programs seem appropriate strategy for improving families performance in order to prevent Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.}, Keywords = {Leishmaniasis,Cutaneous, Health Planning, Preventive Health Services.}, volume = {20}, Number = {49}, pages = {85-100}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Rafii, F and Oskouie, F and R.Mohammadi, and A.Yarandi, and F.Kabiri, and H.Peyrovi, and H.Haghani,}, title = {Caring Behaviors of Student Nurses Following Clinical Experience Through Role Play and Traditional Method}, abstract ={ Introduction and Aim: Caring is a multidimensional nursing concept that can be actualized within the baccalaureate nursing curriculum through the purposeful teaching and student-centered learning of core values. Teaching interpersonal issues is possible through various methods such as role-play. The current study was conducted with the aim of describing the caring behaviors of two groups of sophomore-level student nurses after implementing either role-play or traditional method as teaching method of choice.  Materials and Methods: The researchers used quasi-experimental study design using an equivalent control group and post-test. Fifty one nursing students were randomly assigned in either experimental or control group. After that members of the experimental group performed their clinical experience using role play and members of control group did practice as routine, caring behaviors of two groups were observed using CBI.  Results: In general, findings indicated that caring behaviors related to subscales “respectful difference to other” and “professional knowledge and skill” were, respectively, the most and the least frequent caring behaviors in both groups. Conclusion: More frequent occurrence of interpersonal aspects of caring in two groups indicates that in the beginning of professional nursing care, the sophomore-level students give priority to altruistic values. So, using approaches to develop and maintain interpersonal aspects of caring in nursing curriculum, coupled with changing the teaching methods of practical aspects of nursing care and appropriate integration of theory and practice is recommended.}, Keywords = {Students, Nursing, Nursing Care, Behavior, Training, Role-play,Standardized Patient}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {7-19}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.A.Soleimany, and F.Nasiri-ziba, and A.Kermani, and F.hoseini,}, title = {A Comparative Study of the General Health among Staff Nurses with Fixed or Rotating Working Shift}, abstract ={Introduction and Aim: Long time working shifts and its related tiredness threatens the health of staff nurses in various dimensions. If nurses don’t experience a good general health, they would not be able to deliver good patient care. The health status of nurses as caregivers influences the quality of care received by patients. Therefore, in order to reach the point of maximum performance, it is necessary for nurses to be healthy. This study aims to compare the general health among two groups of staff nurses with either fixed or rotating working shift in educational health care centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in year 2006.Materials and Methods: This comparative study was conducted with a sample of 520 nurses. A GHQ-28 tool was used to survey the general health of staff nurses participated in this study.Results: The findings showed that 72.3% of nurses with fixed working shift had good general health, 18.8% had nearly good general health and 8.8% had bad general health. Of nurses with rotating working shift, 62.3% had good general health, 26.2% had nearly good general health, and 11.5% had bad general health. The results of Chi-Square test showed a statistically significant difference in general health of nurses with fixed working shift compared with nurses with rotating working shift, indicating that the nurses with fixed working shift have better general health (P < 0.005).Conclusion: Because nurses are responsible for society and patient's health taking their general health into consideration is of great importance. Based on findings of the present study, the researchers recommend the nurse managers to plan staff schedules in the form of fixed working shifts, in order to minimize untoward influences of rotating working shifts.}, Keywords = {Nurses, Nursing, Shifts Works, General Health}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {21-28}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Azadi, and M.Anoosheh, and F.Alhani, and E.Hajizadeh,}, title = {Barriers to and Support for Physical Activity in Overweight and Obese Compared with Normal Weight Adolescents}, abstract ={ Introduction and Aim: As the prevalence of overweight increases among adolescents, thus factors that may influence children’s participation in weight-related health behaviors need to be examied. This study examined barriers to and support for physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents compared with normal weight adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sample included 279 male students studying in two secondary schools in Tehran. Of all students , 179 (64.2%) were within normal weight range, 49(17.6%) were obese and 51(18.3%) were overweight. A questionnaire comprising demographic characteristics, and barriers to and support for physical activity, and also, a checklist of physical activity within current week were distributed to be filled out by students. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test.   Results: According to finding, adolescents with normal weight had significantly higher moderate and vigorous physical activity than obese adolescents and the time of TV watching were significantly more among overweight and obese adolescents than adolescents with normal weight. Body-related, social and fitness barriers were the most predominant ones among obese adolescents. There was no statistically significant difference between mean score of convenience and resource barriers among different weight groups. Obese adolescents also reported significantly lower levels of adult and peer support for physical activity. Conclusion: Obese adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to body-related, social and fitness barriers to physical activity. Reducing these barriers may be helpful, as physical activity intervention is most relevant for overweight youth. Interventions should be implemented for reducing barriers to physical activity and also enhancing parents and peers support for physical activity among obese adolescents.}, Keywords = {Exertion-Adolescence, Body Weight, Obesity, physical activity, Adolescents, Barriers and Support}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {29-41}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {L.Khadem, and ,T.Ganji, and S.Shakarabi, and ,H.Haghani,}, title = {Sexual Health Status among Mentally Ill Women}, abstract ={ Introduction and Aim: Sexual health of mentally ill women is of great importance due to personal and common health issues (both physically and mentally) mentally ill women faced to. The main purpose of the present study was to describe sexual health status among mentally ill women admitted to Razi psychiatric hospital, Tehran, during the years 2001-2003. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study with a sample of 580 adult mentally ill women with positive history of admission in psychiatric hospital. The researchers reviewed hospital charts of the participants and completed data sheets.  Results: 28.7% of participants had multiple sexual partner , 3.4% had exchanged sex for money, goods or a place for living. Also, 6.7% had a history of rape and 5.3% of them had a positive history of homosexuality. 33% of the participants had at least one sexual risk factor for transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV.  Conclusion: Considering high percentage of sexual risk factors associated with transmission of infections such as HIV among mentally ill women, health managers should pay particular attention for improvement of mentally ill women's sexual health care. The study of barriers to sexual health care in this population is suggested.}, Keywords = {Women,Sex, Patients, Mental Health, Sexual Health}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Z.Taraghi, and ,E.Ilali, and M.Abedini, and A.Zarvani, and I.Khoshnama, and RA.Mohammadpour, and N.Ghanei, and R.Mokhtarpour,}, title = {Quality of Life among Multiple Sclerosis Patients}, abstract ={  Introduction and Aim: MS is one of the progressive and chronic demyelinative disorders involving active members of society. The study of quality of life in these patients could decrease relieve some disabilities and promotes residual abilities to maximal levels. Regarding relatively high prevalence of MS in Mazandaran province, this study was designed to measure the quality of life in Multiple sclerosis patients living in Mazandaran Province.  Materials & Methods: In this discriptive study, the community of research included members of Mazandaran Multiple Sclerosis Association (MMSA). The census sampling method was used. The volunteers (101 patients) were assessed from october 2005 to March 2006. Assessment tool for data collection was standard questionnaire SF-36. This questionnaire consists of 36 questions and its validity has already been determined in many countries including Iran and it has high reliability (alpha chronbach 0.77-0.90). Clinical manifestations and the severity of the disease were evaluated with history and physical examination taken by Neurologist and using EDSS criteria.   Results: The results showed that 76% of the patients were females and 26% were males. The age range was 18-60 years (mean age 33.27 ± 8.31). The emergence of disease was at age 12-54 years (mean age 27.12 ± 8.03). About %7 of the patients had positive family history of multiple sclerosis. The mean score (based on 100) of general health, physical health, mental health, vivacity, social health, and physical pain were, respectively, 41.34 ± 10.22, 54.75 ± 30.25, 53.25 ± 22.03, 54.75 ± 24.44, 56.62 ± 20.96, and 35.75 ± 31.68. .   Conclusion: In this study, the quality of life was relatively good in all aspects. This may be due to mildness of disease in majority of the patients, low age at time of disease emergence and shorter duration of disease.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis,Patients ,Quality of life}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {51-59}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Sh.Salarvand, and H.Abedi, and K.Shamlu,}, title = {The Feeling of Powerlessness in Older People Living in Nursing Homes}, abstract ={  Introduction and Aim: All societies in the world are experiencing burgeoning numbers of "elders", defined as persons aged 65 year and older. It is expected that at least 40% of the population over 75 years need extensive health care services in the last years of their lives. Countries with an ageing society have developed long term care policies for older people. In Iran, as the rate of transferring the elderly to the nursing homes is increasing, it would be important to investigate the experience of self-determination, respect and value among elderly people living in these settings. The powerlessness results in loss of hope. In addition, older adults who feel powerless may also lose their independence. In this situation, family members or health professionals take over and make decisions for them. Elders' empowerment can promote their quality of life and well-being. This study aimed at description of the experience of powerlessness in elderly who are living in nursing homes. The research question was "how is the experience of powerlessness in elderly who are living in nursing homes?   Materials and Methods: The qualitative phenomenological approach with purposive sampling was used in this study. Participants in this study were elderly residents of private and governmental nursing homes in Esfahan city. Sampling continued till data saturation occured with 10 participants. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. Researcher used field notes for completing data collection process. Colaizzi's method was applied for data analysis. The rigor criteria of the present study were based on transferability and credibility.   Results: Three themes were extracted from the data (structural components of the experience), including: 1) compulsory tolerance , 2) Waiting for exiting permit, and 3) Constrained autonomy.   Conclusion: In this study, some participants experienced lack of ability in changing conditions and also compulsory tolerance of the situation, two main findings from which the concept of powerlessness was perceived. Transferring to nursing home is a source of fear and anxiety in the end years of life. For the institutionalized elders, empowerment can come through participating in making decisions regarding patient care and other aspects of life in this setting. In addition, mental, spiritual and physical needs of elders should be met through whole care, because simply focusing on physical needs deprive hopeful, meaningful and purposive life in nursing homes.}, Keywords = {Homes for the Aged, Aging, Geriatric Psychiatry, powerlessness}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {61-69}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.A.Nasiripour, and SH.Tofighi, and F.Farhadi,}, title = {Designing an Administrative Model for Iranian Charity Hospitals}, abstract ={  Introduction and Aim: Healthcare is considered as one of the most important indicators for determining the level of development in all societies. To this end, hospitals play an important role and the role of the charity hospitals which provide healthcare for poor patients is of great importance. Therefore, understanding and analyzing the administrative manner of these hospitals is crucial. The main goal of this study is to design an administrative model for charity hospitals in Iran.   Materials and Methods: Information from Library documents including books, scientific magazine, and domestic foreign texts documents as e-mail, electronic database and also contact with several charity hospital executive in several countries and visiting charity hospitals in other countries were used. Further information gathered about weaknesses and strengths of charity hospitals in Iran, and several foreign countries charity hospital models. The primary model was designated and after analyzing various view points, reviews and criticism by scholars and experts, the final model was presented using the Delphi method.   Results: This study showed that charity hospitals in Iran are managed in different ways without any specific model and do not supported financially by the government. A number of these hospitals are not autonomous. In charity hospitals outside Iran, different management styles were being used, but they were not managed like Iranian charity hospitals and most of them were foundations or companies. Furthermore, a number of them were not managed as charity hospital since the nationalization of healthcare had taken place.   Conclusion : Whereas the cost of healthcare in private sector is very expensive and most of them do not have contracts with insurance companies, charity hospitals can have an important role in providing healthcare for the society. Using model described in this paper could be helpful in responding to the needs of poor clients.}, Keywords = {Hospitals, Hospital Administration,Iran, Charity Hospitals}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {71-81}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Z.Ghodsi, and Sh.Jahanfar, and F.Shahpoorian, and ,R.Jamshidi,}, title = {The Effect of Community-based Distribution on Appropriate Choices and Maintenance of Using Contraception Methods in Hamedan}, abstract ={ Introduction and Aim: Uncontrolled incremental trend of population growth is the basic problem in developing countries. Establishing family planning programs at an extensive level in these countries increases economical, social, and cultural advantages and decreases maternal and fetal mortality. One of the methods of implementing these programs is community-based distribution. CBD can effectively deliver family planning services at home. CBD facilitates family access to family planning methods that culminate in appropriate choices and continuity of using contraception methods. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of community based distribution on appropriate choices and continuity of using contraception methods among Hamedan households.  Materials & Methods: This study is part of a larger study conducted by controlled field trial design. Using a multi-staged method, the researchers chose 297 subjects and divided them into two groups, control ( n= 100) and experimental (n=197). The setting of the study was Hamedan households covered by field workers. Data collection tools were two questionnaires, three checklists, and one referral card. To determine the scientific validity of the tools, the researchers used the content validity method. The scientific reliability of the tools was determined through conducting the retrial method in a random sample of ten subjects. Results: The findings revealed that through delivering family planning services at home, appropriate choices and continuity of using contraception methods were increased (p=0/001). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, CBD led to appropriate choices and continuity of using contraception methods. Therefore, application of this kind of services is recommended. Also, the study of the effect of delivering this kind of services at villages, deserted places, different tribes, and its economic aspects are recommended.}, Keywords = {Pregnancy, Contraception-Methods,Preventive Health, Health Services, Community-based, Hamedan}, volume = {20}, Number = {50}, pages = {83-92}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Rafii, F and Oskouie, F and M.Nikravesh,}, title = {Conditions Affecting Quality of Nursing Care in Burn Centers of Tehran}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: Nursing care in burn centers requires a heavy work which is influenced by many factors. The quality care of nurses as the largest group care providers in burn centers is of great importance and complexity and pan dimensionality of the care in these centers requires multiple interpretations that necessitate exploring and describing the perspectives of whom involved in care giving to understand the factors affecting the quality of care. The study was carried out with the aim of exploring and describing the factors involved in quality nursing care in burn centers of Tehran.  Material & Method: Grounded theory was used as method. Thirty- eight participants were recruited through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were generated by unstructured interviews and participant observations. Constant comparison was used for data analysis.  Results: Data revealed that two categories of structural factors including intra and extra organizational conditions have influenced the quality of care. Intra organizational conditions included conditions related to administrators, staff, financial problems, workload, team members, facilities and equipments, environmental elements, and patients. Extra organizational conditions included self-management of burn centers, lack of supportive organizations for patients and heavy expenses of treatment, high living expenditure and low salary of governmental personnel, lack of employment permission, inattention of senior managers and inspectors to the work processes and their over attention to documentation, troublesome rules related to official violations, physicians governorship, and negative social perspective into nursing profession.  Conclusion: Interaction between intra and extra organizational conditions resulted in physical and psychological stress, loss of motivation and dissatisfaction of staff nurses and poor quality of care. Findings were suggestive of correcting and modifying the intra and extra organizational factors and implementing stress reduction programs.}, Keywords = {Quality of Health Care, Nursing Care, Patient Care, Nursing, Burns}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {7-24}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Anoosheh, and F.Ahmadi, and S.Faghihzadeh, and M.Vaismoradi,}, title = {Survey of Predisposing Causes of Working Errors in Nursing Cares from Perspective of Nurses and Their Mangers Perspectives}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: Working errors are inevitable in every profession including health care professions, but in nursing it is of greater importance, because of its inalienable damages to patients. Study of predisposing factors of these errors is the first step to control and decrease errors during nursing care. The purpose of this study was to survey predisposing causes of working errors in nursing cares from perspectives of nurses and their managers and also to examine the importance of different predisposing domains in different wards in year 2007.   Material & Method: This research is a descriptive study in which cluster random sampling method was used. Ninety six nurses and nursing managers from 3 selected educational hospitals in Tehran participated in this study. Data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.  Results: From perspective of nurses and nursing managers, different factors in domains of management, environment, and care and nursing were considered as predisposing factors to nursing errors. Also, there were a statistically significant difference between wards in terms of predisposing causes of working errors (P<0.001).  Conclusion: Regarding impossibility of absolute suppression of nursing errors, struggle for controlling and decreasing nursing errors depends on using a systematic approach with emphasis on management, environment, care and nursing domains when assessing predisposing factors and planning appropriate intervention.}, Keywords = {Nursing Errors, Predisposing Causes, Nursing Care, Nurses, Nurse managers. }, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {25-36}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Kohan, and A.NajafYarandi, and H.Peyrovi, and F.Hoseini,}, title = {The Effects of Expiratory Rib Cage Compression before Endotracheal Suctioning on Arterial Blood Gases in Patients Under Mechanical Ventilation}, abstract ={  Background & Aim : Endotracheal suctioning is one of the most frequently used methods for airway clearance in patients under mechanical ventilation. Chest physiotherapy techniques such as expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning can be used as a means to facilitate mobilizing and removing airway secretions and improving alveolar ventilation. This study was carried out to determine the effects of expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning on arterial blood gases in patients mechanically ventilated patients.   Material & Method : This research was a clinical trial study with a crossover design. The subjects consisted of 70 (35 females, 35 males) mechanically ventilated patients who were admitted to medical and surgical intensive care units and emergency department of Hazrat-Rasool Hospital in Tehran. Subjects were selected with consecutive sampling. The patients received endotracheal suctioning with and without rib cage compression, with a minimum 3-hours interval between the two interventions. Expiratory rib cage compression was performed for 5 minutes before endotracheal suctioning. Arterial blood gases were measured 5 minutes before and 25 minutes after endotracheal suctioning. Data were recorded on the data recording sheet. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and paired t-tests.   Results: There were a statistically significant differences in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (Pao2/Fio2), Paco2, and arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) between before and after endotracheal suctioning in both methods (endotracheal suctioning with and without rib cage compression) (p=0.000). Moreover, there were statistically significant differences in the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (P=0.000), Paco2 (P=0.048), and arterial oxygen saturation (P=0.000) between the two methods.   Conclusion: Findings showed that expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning improves arterial blood gases exchanges in patients under mechanical ventilation, so, performing expiratory rib cage compression before endotracheal suctioning in these patients is recommended.}, Keywords = {Pulmunary Ventilation, Suction, Thorax, Blood Pressure, Patients.}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {37-49}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-350-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-350-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Jabbari, and S.Besharat, and N.Jabbari, and B.Khodabakhshi,}, title = {The Effect of Active Education on Knowledge of Health Care Workers of Golestan University of Mdical Sciences about Avian Influenza}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: The main goal of medical education is preparing experts in health care fields. Medical education should answer the population needs and develop in accordance with technology changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of active education on knowledge of health care workers of Golestan University of Medical Sciences about avian influenza.  Material & Method: In 2005-2006, this semi-experimental study was conducted through before-after design . At the beginning, knowledge of the samples regarding to avian influenza was evaluated with self-administered questionnaire. After intervention (active participation in lectures and group workshops) the questionnaires were distributed once again. Data were analysed by non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis) to evaluate the effect of active education on knowledge about Avian Influenza. Results: The mean score of knowledge increased significantly after educational intervention (P-value< 0.001). Previous information was significantly related to pretest scores. The mean score of knowledge was not significantly related to gender and age.  Conclusion: Educational workshops are effective in increasing knowledge of healthcare workers about avian influanza. While educational programs of the mass media are effective knowledge, it doesn't meet the special educational needs in the field of health.}, Keywords = {Teaching, Avian Influenza, Awareness, Health Manpower }, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-351-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {F.Sharif, and F.Vedad,}, title = {The Relationship Between Mental Health and Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients Referred to Hospitals Affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Although hemodialysis is one of the most useful and modern treatment methods for patients with chronic renal diseases, there has not been considerable achievement in understanding and treating physical and psychosocial problems of these patients. Decrease in mental health status of hemodialysis patients affects their quality of life and may produce performance disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental health and quality of life of hemodialysis patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.   Material & Method: Ninety patients were selected through convenient sampling and data was collected by a demographic questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire, and Short form quality of life questionnaire (SF-36). Mental health was assessed in four domains: somatoform symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression. The SF-36 questionnaire is summed into eight scales of health: physical function, social function, limitation in role due to emotional problem, mental Health, vitality, bodily pain, and general health. The data were analyzed using t-test, spearman’s correlation, and Anova.   Results: The results revealed that most domains in quality of life were correlated with mental health domains. General health perception and physical function domains were correlated significantly with three domains of mental health: anxiety, social function and depression (p<0.012, 0.p<0.001,p< 0.004 ). Somatoform symptoms were correlated significantly with mental health domain of quality of life (p<0.02). Finally, social function was correlated significantly with social dysfunction domain of life quality (p<0.05). Also, anxiety and somatoform domains of mental health had more significantly relationship in women than men (p= 0.006 and p= 0.25, respectively). Of quality of life domains, physical function had more significantly relationship in men than women (p=0.03) and bodily pain had more significantly relationship in women than men (p= 0.006).   Conclusion: The result of this study indicated that many quality of life domains were correlated with mental health domains and hemodialysis had effect on different aspects of patient’s life. The results also indicated that such demographic characteristic as age, gender, marital status, other diseases and length of hemodialysis treatment had relationship with some aspects of life quality and mental health.}, Keywords = {Mental Health, Quality of Life, Hemodialysis, Patients}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {61-69}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-352-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Zargham, and R.Mohammadi, and Oskouie, F}, title = {Death, The Strange Familiar (Meaning of Death from Iranian Nurses’ Perspective): A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Despite tremendous progressions in medical science and technology, there is no way yet to escape death. Logical attitudes of nurses toward death could be influential on care giving of dying patients and their families. If the health care professionals view death as a terrible and dire thing, they couldn’t handle patients’ death in a fair and effective manner. So, it seems that the first step toward designing an appropriate care and support system for dying patients and their family is exploring nurses’ beliefs and point of views. The aim of this study was to determine the concept of death from Iranian nurses’ perspective to reach a new explanation for this concept in community.   Material & Method: This study was conducted by qualitative research approach. Data collection was done via semi structured interviews with 12 Nurses from 4 hospitals. They had 2 to 18 years working experience in emergency departments, ICUs, CCUs and oncology wards. All interviews were taped, and then transcribed on paper and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin method. Four main categories emerged: non avoidable ending, ambiguity and uncertainty, feedback for personal behaviors, and changing attitudes toward life and death.   Results: This study showed that one of the most important ideas which help nurses to better dealing with death is belief in life after death. Recognizing death as fate of all lives could also bring peace to the man. This sort of attitude gives the nurse a peace of mind which helps to make dying patients and their families comfortable. The perspective of death which emerged from nurses’ perspectives in this research is a spiritual one. They believed that their occupation with nursing reinforces this attitude and decreases their uncertainty about life after death.   Conclusion: This study provides a deep understanding about nurses’ point of view about death which could be a base for nursing education about death and dying}, Keywords = {Death, Nurses, Patients, Semantics}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {71-83}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-353-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {HR.Khankeh, and R.Mohammadi, and F.Ahmadi,}, title = {Health Care Services at Time of Natural Disasters: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: The health care services have an essential role in saving human life at the time of disaster impact. Disasters always have prominent effects on health, public health and welfare of affected people. The way throu which health care services are delivered at the time of disaster impact is one of the most important challenges in crisis management. Although he Islamic Republic of Iran is the sixth-most disaster-prone country in the world and average of 4,000 people have killed and 55,000 affected annually by natural disasters over the last decade, a few studies about health care services at disasters have been done. Therefore, in this paper that is a part of a greater study, we have tried to explore how well the health care services at the time of disasters have been delivered.   Material & Method: This study is developed on the basis of grounded theory. Seventeen participants consisted of 5 nurses, 1 social worker, 1 psychologist, 2 psychiatrists, 1 general physician, 1 health professional, 1 epidemiologist, 1 master in health, 1 nurse aid and 3 Bam residents. All of them have at least one experience at disasters. Of those, 15 were male and 2 were female and their average age was 37. Semi-structured interviews and observational field note were used for data gathering. All of interviews were transcribed verbatim (word by word) and simultaneously constant comparative analysis was used according to Strauss and Corbin's method.   Result: The way of delivering health care services is one of the important concepts that implied from collected data of the study. This concept comprises four aspects: quality and quantity of health care services, equipment supplies, personnel situation and management. This concept represents the way of delivering health care services at the time of disasters. Unpleasant personnel situations, insufficient quality and quantity of health care services at the time of disaster, deficiencies of equipment and instrument, poor management and lack of coordination are the most important factors that hindered delivering comprehensive, continuous, accessible and qualified health care services at the time of disaster. Providing enough well educated and experienced personnel, enough and qualified health care services, enough instrument and equipments, and appropriate and coordinated management can facilitate on time, comprehensive, continuous and accessible health care services at the time of disasters.   Conclusion: Health sector mission of prevention, investigation and treatment of injured and sick people is more prominent in parallel with greater expectation of community at the time of disaster.,Health care services as the most significant foundation of crisis management should be delivered in a suitable and efficient way. Finally, the way of delivering health care services at the time of disaster was emphasized by participants in this study.}, Keywords = {Health Services, Nursing Services, Disasters, Natural Disasters}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {85-96}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Bayat, and M.Naderifar, and M.Bayat, and M.Miri, and S.Foroughi,}, title = {Social Health of 7-11 Years Old Children Living in Foster Care Centers}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Nowadays, one of main and critical subject is preparation of a healthy and fair environment for children who are biggest national sources in every society, because, factors that disturb children living environment can affect children’s health. Some problems such as families’ bad function, abuse, poverty, divorce and parental substance abuse are the reasons usually lead to place children in foster care centers. On the other hand, entry to these foster care centers and living in these centers face children with lot of social and health problems.   Material & Method: In regard to this issue for assessing social health status of 7-11 years children living in foster care centre in Tehran, we performed a cross sectional study with 105 children (57 boy, 48 girl). In this research, sampling was of census type and information about children social health was obtained through Vienland Adoptive Behavior Scale by guardians who recognized these children and their behavior.   Result: Results showed that 45.7% of participants in this research were considered as moderate regarding social health, and 19.1% were considered as poor. Chi-square test also showed that between social health and sex (p=0.053) was a statistically significant relationship, but there was no significant relationship between social health and age (p=0.462) and social health with duration of stay in these centers.   Conclusion: While children in foster care centers are one of the high risk groups in societies related to their social health status, based on findings of current study and results of researches in other countries, full attention should be directed towards social health of children and conducting more studies is recommended to survey factors that affect their social health .}, Keywords = {Social health, Child, Institutionalized, Mental Health, Foster Care Centers}, volume = {20}, Number = {51}, pages = {97-105}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-355-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {N.Regeh, and F.Ahmadi, and E.Mohammadi, and A.Kazemnejad, and M.Anoosheh,}, title = {Pain Management: Patients’ Perspective}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: Pain relief is an integral part of nursing care and an appreciated outcome of nursing actions . Pain is one of the most common problems in postoperative period. This article is part of a larger study which aimed to explore patients’ perspective of pain and pain management. Annually, more than hundreds of million people undergo surgical operations experiencing postoperative pain. Although a number of researches and discussion papers have explored the issue, the current study has explored patients' perspective about postoperative pain management, a subject that have rarely been studied.  Material & Method: A qualitative approach was adopted. Data was collected via semi- structured interviews and participations’ observations. A purposive sample of ten surgical patients and four companions (relatives) were selected from two educational health centers. Data analysis uncovered a number of themes. The themes related to patients’ perspective about pain management is subject of this paper.  Results: The other five themes of pain management were: watching over by personnel and availability, humanistic approach, presenting information and patient education, communication and patient’s participation, considering patient integrity, and ambivalence between expression of pain and reluctance.  Conclusion: The findings of this study help personnel to know the patients and their needs better and to find what pain management means to them. Consequently, nurses can plan, imply and evaluate nursing interventions most appropriately}, Keywords = {Pain Management,Qualitative Approach, Patients\' Perspective}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {7-20}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {L.Zarshenas, and Sh.Salehi, and J.Eslamian, and M.Rastegari,}, title = {Establishing the Standards of Control in Nursing Services Management}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Perhaps it could be claimed that performing task in organization would not be successful, unless the necessary controls have been provided. Management system needs control to be informed about the methods of goal achievement and performing operations, thereby, gaining the ability for tracking, testing and reforming methods. In any specialty, in order to consider these activities equally and scientifically, the responsible establish professional standards in the form of direction and framework and declare them to enforcers. With due attention to the importance of control, especially in health systems management and with view to the fact that there is no standard in this field, the current study was designed with the aim of compiling standards for control accreditation in nursing management in Iran.   Material & Method: This is a triangulation research conducted from 2004 to 2006. The sample size was 15 in Delphi stage and total of 50 nursing management experts (from Iranian medical sciences universities) in stage of survey. The sampling was target based. At first, a pilot study was conducted in Isfahan and Shiraz by an open questionnaire, and then the main research was conducted in three phases. In the first stage, international standards of control for nursing services management were collected. In the second stage, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed from perspectives of 15 professional nurse managers. The suggestions were collected and the researchers reached a consensus of 70% in the third stage. Then, the researchers held a national survey among 50 nursing management experts in Iran. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and distribution frequency and eventually control of nursing services management standards in Iran were extracted.   Results: Thirty five standards in area of control was established. The results show that these standards had more than 90 percent of acceptability.   Conclusion: These standards together with the standard of nursing units can develop quality, so, it is suggested that these standards can be utilized by ministry of health and medical education to control credit rating of nursing units, in order to identify the lacks and shortages.}, Keywords = {Nursing, Managerial Control, Standards}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {21-28}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {E.Nouhi, and S.Kohan, and A.Haghdoost, and R.Nazari,}, title = {Theoretical Nursing Courses Application in Clinical Field: Clinical Nurse Teachers & Students Perspectives in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: An effective and efficient educational system must be continuously revised to be responsive to the present and future community needs. The purpose of the study was to compare students and teachers opinions regarding theory- practice gap in nursing education in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in 1378-79. Material & Method: This research was a cross sectional study. The data was collected from nursing student (n=67) and clinical nurse teachers (n=41) using questionnaire provided by researcher in two section, the first section included the demographic characteristics and the second section consisted of questions about necessity and application of content education. The content validity of questionnaire was provided by experts and texts. For reliability, test retest method was used (r=089). Data were collected in one stage and were analyzed by t-student test Kendal’s correlation coefficient, and Chi square. Results: The result revealed that the mean score of students and teachers views about “the necessity of the theoretical courses” were 17.86 and 16.35, but they gave low scores to the “real application of the theory in practice” (11.8 and 12.08). There was a statistically significant relationship between the necessity and application of theory (P=0.00). The degree of coordination between clinical education and tasks were reported low (less than 3) by both teachers and students, but, there was a statistically significant difference between their perspectives (P< 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that continuing revision and repair of the program based on students and teachers’ perspectives can help educationalists to reduce theory-practice gap.}, Keywords = {Theory and Practice Gap, Nursing Education, Student Nurse, Clinical Filed }, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {29-38}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Sh.Salarvand, and H.Abedi,}, title = {The Elders\' Experiences of Social Support in Nursing Home: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Dramatic increase in the overall number of older adults currently in the population, and further increases expected, heightens the awareness of the need for adequate support for older persons living in the community. The elderly are particularly vulnerable to stress. Transition to the care home and environment of a residential home has been identified in the literature as the most significant relocation affecting older people. Social support plays an important role in managing stress, but, there are a few researches that have investigated the quality and intensity of relationships as a part of social supports for elders, especially those living in nursing homes. Researchers have found that social supports protect elders against the harmful effects of stress and promote emotional and physical wellbeing. Older adults who are connected to active social networks and who receive informal social support have been shown to demonstrate better physical and mental health than those who are less connected and involved with others. For this reason, researchers intend to explore elders' attitude living in nursing home with regard to religious and cultural aspect in Iran. This study aimed understanding elders' perceptions of social support quality during their residency period in nursing home.   Material & Method: In this study, the qualitative phenomenological approach was used by several in-depth interviews with elders residents in private and governmental nursing homes were selected by purposive sampling over a 9 months period. Purposive sampling continued until data saturation was occurred where the sample size reached to 10. The data was collected by in-depth interviews. Researchers used field notes for completing data collection process. Colaizzi's method was applied for data analysis. The rigor of present study was based on transferability and credibility.   Results: The findings were including: 80 codes, 5 sub-themes and two themes extracted from the data (structural components of experience). The themes were informal social support in nursing home, and formal social support in this setting.   Conclusion: According to older people's attitudes there were three important elements, staff, family and other residents, which have very much important influence in their life providing social support network. In present study, nursing home residents stated various degrees of communication with and sense of support from family, friends and others. All of them stated other people's visits as encouraging and supporting.}, Keywords = {Social Support, Elderly,Nursing Home}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {39-50}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Rezaei, and N.SeyedFatemi, and A.Givari, and F.Hoseini,}, title = {Relation Between Prayer Activity and Spiritual Well-being in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Cancer as one of the most common chronic illnesses is a stressful factor affecting physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. Prayer is a source of resistance against these crises, especially in spiritual domain, promoting spiritual well-being. The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between prayer activity and spiritual well-being in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy   Material & Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three handred and sixty patients who were more than 20 years old, alert to their disease, and able to read and write participated in this study. Data collection was done by Meraviglia's prayer (2002) and Paloutzian & Ellison's spiritual well-being (1982) questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS program.   Results: Findings showed that the mean scores of prayer practice and spiritual well being were respectively (94.5±12.98) and (98.35±14.36). Direct and significant relationship was found between prayer practice and spiritual well-being. (p=0.001, r=0.61)   Conclusion: Regarding the results that show the relationship between prayer practice and spiritual well being of the patients, nurses should consider prayer as a health promoting strategy in caring programs and choose a comprehensive and holistic approach toward their patients.}, Keywords = {Prayer, Spiritual Well-being,Cancer,Chemotherapy}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {51-61}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {S.Nazarpour,}, title = {Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy and Its Effect on the Length of the Labor and Type of Delivery in Firuzabadi Hospital in Tehran in 2006}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Sleep disorders are among common complains of pregnant women with adverse physical and psychological outcomes.   Material & Method: This study is a descriptive-analytical one to determine the sleep disorders in late pregnancy and its effect on the length of the labor and type of delivery in Firuzabadi hospital in Tehran in 2006. In this survey, the sample consisted of 151 women who were hospitalized for delivery in the hospital’s labor room. The researchers used questionnaires for data collection.   Results: The results indicated that the sleep disorders during pregnancy were significantly more than that of the time before. About 95% of cases reported at least one type of sleep disorders during their pregnancy. Early waking up was the most common disorder. The second was waking up at night and the least common was snoring. The frequent urge to urine (in 70% of the cases) and backache (in 52% of the cases) were most common disturbances that caused the sleep disorders and the least common disturbances were inflation of nose holes, difficult respiration and general bad feeling in 13% of the cases.   Conclusion: The results did not indicate any relationship between sleep disorders and the length of labor and type of delivery. Since the labor’s length of time differs in the multipara and primipara women, the relationship between the sleep disorders and the length of labor in either group was separately studied, but there were not any meaningful relationship statistically.  }, Keywords = {Sleep Disorder, Pregnancy, Labor, Cesarean Section}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {M.Naderifar, and H.Peyrovi, and F.Galgay,}, title = {Mothers´ Attitude Towards Orodental Health of Their 1-6 Years Old Children Referred To Medical Centers of Zahedan City, 2006}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: Healthy community is strictly dependent on having healthy children, whose orodental hygiene is a necessity for maintaining health. Orodental care must begin from childhood, because performing special care of milk teeth of children would guarantee optimal growth of permanent teeth. Family, as an agent fostering physical and psychosocial aspects of the child can help to population health in parallel sith health care systems through educational and health activities. This paper aim at investigating mothers´ attitude of orodental health of their 1-6 years children referred to health treatment centers. This study was designed to determine the mothers´ attitude of mothers´ of orodental health of their 1-6 years old children.  Material & Method: This was a cross-sectional study in which data was gathered using questionnaire and interview. Five hundreds mothers of 1-6 years old children, selected by random sampling method, took part in the study. Results: According to findings, the percentage of mothers with positive, inert, and negative attitude were respectively 79.6%, 20.4%, and 0%. There was direct positive relationship between attitude and mothers’ age and education, age of children and economic status.00). Conclusion: It is of great importance that authorities plan systematic and strict educational programs using mass media, and any other facility suitable for the purpose to make mothers knowledgeable about the subject. It is suggested to study the causes of inappropriate practice among mother in future studies.   }, Keywords = {Attitude, Arodental Health, Children}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {75-86}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {A.Nickavar, and A.Nateghian, and R.Setarehshenas, and A.Sajadi,}, title = {Bacteriologic Study of Blood Culture in Children and Neonates with Bacterimia and Septicemia}, abstract ={ Background & Aim: The use of antibiotics for life threatening infections depends on periodic study of resistance patterns among isolated organisms in various settings and age groups especially in the era of increasing resistance. This study was performed to determine the microbiological characteristics of blood stream isolates in the neonates and children as a high risk population at a community hospital located in the southern Tehran. Material and Method: All neonates and children up to 12 years of age admitted with presumptive diagnosis of sepsis or bacteremia were enrolled to this cross sectional, descriptive study. Blood cultures were monitored on a daily basis and suspicious samples were further subcultured in appropriate media using the usual differential techniques and antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Results were recorded and expressed as percentages using excel software.  Results: One hundred and seven positive blood cultures were identified among 500 enrolled patients. Positive blood cultures were more common in the neonates than children (56 vs 51). Gram positive organisms were more common than gram negative ones (61% vs 39%) with coagulase negative staphylocoscci (CONS) as the most common isolate in gram positive and Ecoli as the most prevalent gram negative organism. Apart from vancomycin, first generation of cephalosporins showed the best activity against CONS, however aminoglycosides showed promising for gram negative organisms. Conclusion: It was concluded that type of organisms and their sensitivity patterns are quite different in our community hospitals versus referral centers, still similar to other general children hospitals albeit with higher resistance rates.}, Keywords = {Blood Culture, Infection,Children,Neonates}, volume = {20}, Number = {52}, pages = {87-94}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-367-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-367-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2007} }