@article{ author = {T.Borzuoi, and M.Jalalvandi,}, title = {A Comparative Study of the Effect of Lecturing and Poster presentation about HIV/AIDS on the Knowledge and Attitude of Students}, abstract ={Background & Aim: Acquire Immune Deficiancy Syndrom (AIDS) is one of the most serious and life threatening viral infections in human beings. The prevalence of the infectious disearse among young and adult generation is high. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of lecturing and poster presentation as teaching methods of HIV/AIDS education on knowledge and attitude of the students at Islamic Azad University of Arak.  Material & Method: This study was a semi experimental design. The study sample consisted of 200 students that were selected by stratified random method and divided into two groups of lecture (N=100) and poster Presentation (N=100). Data collection instrument was a questionaire. After administration of pretest in both groups, the first group was taught by lecturing accompanied with a booklet. For the second-group some posters on the bulletin board of the college were provided and then after three weeks the subjects completed the questionnaire as post-test. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics (idependent and paired t-test, MC Nemar test). Result: The results of the paired t-test indicated that, using two methods of teaching, lecturing (P<0.001) and poster presentation (P<0.001) improved the knowledge of the subjects toward HIV/AIDS at pretest compared to post-test. Comparing the two methods, results that there was a significant difference between attitude level in the two groups lecturing (P<0.0001) and poster presentation (P<0.002). The independent t-test showed a significant difference in the mean scores of knowledge (P<0.001) and attitude (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study indicated that health education programs can lead to increase health knowledge and improving attitude regarding AIDS among students. }, Keywords = {AIDS, Student, Attitude, Knowledge}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {7-15}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {M.Adib-Hajbaghery,}, title = {Factors Influencing Evidence-Based Nursing: A Qualitative Study}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Nursing profession efforts is to establish the practice on evidence-based research . There has been a wide gap between the practice-based nursing and research-based nursing evidence in Iran. However, there is lack of research on the factors influencing evidence-based nursing and its barriers in Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the f actors as facilitators and inhibitors of Evidence Based Nursing ( EBN) .   Material & Method: Grounded theory methodology was used for analyzing the participants' experiences and their viewpoints regarding Evidence-Based Nursing and the related factors. Semi-structured interviews and observation were conducted in the hospitals of Kashan University of Medical Sciences to gather the data until data saturation. Constant comparative analysis method was used to analyze the data. Twenty one participants including nurses, head nurses, matrons and nurse educators were interviewed. The mean of the participants' occupation service experience was 4.7 ± -9.9 years.   Result: Two main categories emerged from the data as "the meaning of EBN," and "factors affecting EBN." From the participants' perspective, EBN was defined as "caring the patients based on the nurse's professional knowledge to respond the patients' needs instead of physicians orders." The second category consisted of six subcategories including "possessing professional knowledge and skills," "time availability and opportunity," "become accustomed to," "self-confidence," "the process of nursing education," and "the work environment."   Although the nurses professional knowledge, self-confidence and the process of their education influence on the manner of nurses functioning, however, the work environment and its induced expectations were emerged as the most important variables affecting EBN.   Conclusion: Although professional knowledge and self-confidence of the nurses with the process of nursing education system influence on nursing care quality but the work environment and its induced expectations, are the most important factors that influence on evidence-based nursing. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the work environment and the nursing education system to develop an organizational personal expectations for creating an opportunity of caring based on the best research-based professional knowledge.}, Keywords = {Evidence-Based Nursing, Facilitating and Inhibitating Factors, Qualitative research}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {17-33}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {A.Habibi, and S.Nikpour, and M.Seyedoshohadaei, and H.Haghani,}, title = {Health Promoting Behaviors and its Related Factors in Elderly}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Long life expectancy and living healthy in the stage of elderly is a human right, thus health promoting behaviours for prevention of complications are important. The purpose of this study was to determine health promoting behaviors and its related factors in elderly people.   Material & Method: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Through multi-stage sampling method, 410 participants who were 60 years old and more, selected to contribute in the study . A questionaire was used to collect data by interview.   Resulth: The results showed that 'smoking cessation' behaviour had significant relationships (P<0.05) with gender and current health status. Also smoking abstinence' behaviour had statistical significant correlation with gender, education and current health status. Moreover, 'exercise (walking) behaviour had significant correlation with gender, family structure and current health status 'low-salt diet' and 'low fat diet' had significant correlation with gender, education and current health status. In addition 'milk consumption, had significant relationship with age, familystructure, current health status 'health check up', 'Blood Pressure check up' and economic status (P<0.05).   Conclusion: According to the study findings, it is concluded that different factors could correlate with health promoting behaviors in elderly people. Therefore, planning for health promotion based on the correlated factors, social contribution, improving medical and health services and connseling services in elderly population is important to be considered.   }, Keywords = {Elderly, Health promotion behaviours, Related Factors}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {35-48}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {M.Ahadi, and S.Taavoni, and T.Ganji, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {Comparison of Maternal Anxiety between Primigravid Women and Pregnant Women with the History of Previous Fetal or Neonatal Death}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Pregnancy is a significant event for pregnant women who need to adapt physiologically and psychologically, though it is a normal phase of a woman’s life. In addition, previous history of fetal or neonatal death can have a negative effect on the adaptation, and this experience can also increase maternal anxiety during pregnancy that may produce adverse effects.   The aim of this study was to assess and compare maternal anxiety in primgravid women and pregnant women with the history of previous fetal or neonatal death.   Material and Methods : A descriptive comparative design with multistage sampling method (sequential) was used. One hundred and twenty Iranian, literate pregnant women, who were in their 3 rd trimester of current pregnancy with (20 – 40 years old age) were selected.   Forty subjects had previous history of fetal or neonatal death (without any live child) and 80 of them were primigravid. The data collection tool, had two main parts: personal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes questionnaire (POQ, Theut et al 1988).   Results : In this study, t-test showed, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding maternal anxiety during pregnancy (P=0.001). The mean score of maternal anxiety in the pregnant women with previous fetal or neonatal death was more than primigravid women (P<0.001).   Conclusion : Accordin to the study findings and due to the increase of anxiety level in the pregnant women with previous history of fetal or neonatal death, it seems that it would be necessary to plan supportive, educational and counseling programs for this high risk group of women. It is suggested that further studies should be conducted during trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum period in clients.}, Keywords = {Pregnancy, Anxiety, Fetal death, Neonatal death}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {49-55}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-189-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {M.Shamshiri, and D.Masroor, and Hajikazemi, ES and H.Haghani,}, title = {Accuracy and Precision of Tympanic Temperature in the Reflection of Core Temperature}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Monitoring of patients' temperature is an important nursing clinical procedure. Body temperature is usually taken at different sites including pulmonary artery, rectal, oral, and axillary areas. Currently, infrared tympanic temperature measurement method is increasingly used as a convenient, noninvasive and rapid method. However, accuracy and precision of this method has been questioned. The aims of this study were (a) to determine accuracy and comparing tympanic temperature with rectal temperature as a gold standard and (b) to determire Precision (Repeatability) of tympanic temperature with single measurement.   Material & Method: This was a descriptive-comparative study with the sample size of 336 subjects, executively selected from the patients who admitted to Rasool Akram Hospital in Tehran. The patients were 16-85 years old. The tympanic temperatures were measured using the Braun ThermoScan type 6020 and the rectal temperatures were measured using the type M9380226 that both thermometers had 0.1 ºC internal error. The tympanic temperatures were measured twice per side with 1 minute of cooling off in each subject.   Result: Paired t-test showed that there was statistical difference between right and left tympanic temperature with rectal temperature (P<0.0001), however, no differences between the second measurement of right tympanic temperature (P=0.172), twine measurements of left tympanic temperature (P=0.100) and also between right and left tympanic temperatures (P=0.500) were found. The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean rectal temperatures were 0.23ºC more than the mean of tympanic temperatures, with ranges of agreement between 0.98ºC to 0.51ºC for right tympanic temperatures and the limits of agreement between -0.88ºC to 0.41ºC for left tympanic temperatures. Rectal temperatures showed that there was good correlation between right and left tympanic temperatures (r=0.78, P<0.0001 and r= 0.84, P<0.0001) respectively.   Conclusion: Despite high correlation between the variables (rectal and tympanic temperature), there were clinically and statstically significant differences between them. Also the sensitivity of tympanic temperature was unacceptably low with the number of patients with fever. Therefore, it is concluded that tympanic temperature can’t exactly reflect rectal temperature. Due to acceptable precision and ignorable bias, the tympanic method for temperature measurement can be used, though it is not perfect alternative for rectal route.}, Keywords = {Tympanic temperature, Rectal temperature, Core’s body temperature}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {57-65}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-190-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {S.Sabzevari, and S.Mohammadalizade, and M.Khodarahmi,}, title = {Correlation between Preoperative Demographic and Physiologic Variables and Extubation time after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Heart disease is one of the most common disorders in the worldwide and Coronary Artery ByPass Graft (CABG) is importand surgical procedure in the patients. In this regard, one of the intervention is, extubation process in the patients. To recognize the related variables on duration of extubation and the expected time of quality nursing care, the aim of this study was to determine correlation of the variable and predicting extubation time to improve quality of nursing care. In other words, this study was conducted to determine any relationship between preoperative factors such as demographic and physiologic variables with extubation time after CABG.   Material & Method: This study was a descriptive design with census sampling method. The sample size was 150 patients who were undertaken CABG surgery. For data gathering, patients records were used and in some cases, when it was necessary to collect more information, the data were gathered from patients' discharge plan.   Result : The results showed that 72.6% of the subjects were males and the remaining were females. Mean and standard deviation of age were 56.6 ( ± 9.93) years. Most of the subjects (76.7%) had stenosis in three vessels. With regard to the different study variables, the mean of extubation time was less than or equal 12 hours, in younger patients (<50 years) compared to the other age groups (P<0.01). Also Mann whitney U test showed that extubation time in balloon pump users were more than others (P<0.05) and the extubation time was longer than the other groups.   Conclusion: Findings of this study, indicate that older age groups with using balloon pump need more attention in extubation, and early extubation can lead to early discharge and may decrease hospitalzation costs.}, Keywords = {Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), Extubation Time, Preoperative Variable}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {67-77}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {M.Alipour, and Z.Feizi, and N.Seyedfatemi, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {Correlation between Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and Incidence of Preeclampsia in Primigravid Women}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Hypertensive disorders have been the most important issues in obstetrics. It seems that the risk factors of preeclampsia are not recognized well. However, depression and maternal anxiety could be the mental aspects of the risk factors in preeclamsia in recent times. The present study conducted to determine the association between maternal anxiety and occurance of preeclampsia, in primigravid women, admitting in clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.   Material & Methoed: A prospective cohort study was used. Speilberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as a data gathering tool, for 750 literate, primigravid women without any history of mental or physical illnesses. All participants were selected through consecutive sampling method.   Results: The study findings showed that, the majority of sample group suffered from moderate State anxiety (63.2%) and moderate Trait anxiety (63.4%) respectively. Besides, increasing the severity of both State and Trait anxieties were correlated with higher incidence rate of preeclampsia. Also, statistically significant differences were found between the severity of Trait and State anxieties and Preeclampsia (P<0.006 and P0.005). The risk ratio of preeclampsia in women with sever state anxiety was more than of women with mild State anxiety (RR=5.43). In addition, the risk ratio of preeclampsia in women with sever Trait anxiety, (RR=5.71) was more than of women with mild Trait anxiety.   Conclusion: According to the study results, midwives and health care workers' attention to psychological health of pregnant women during prenatal period is one of the most important matter that should be emphasized.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Pre-eclampsia, Pregnancy, Stress}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {79-88}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} } @article{ author = {L.Jouybari, and Oskouie, F and F.Ahmadi,}, title = {Comfort of Hospitalized Patients: A Missed Concept}, abstract ={  Background & Aim: Historically, comfort has been an optimal outcome in caring of hospital patients though, the concept of comfort from patients' perspective is rarely assessed. The aim of this study was to explore hospitalized Medical-Surgical patients’ experiences and perceptions regarding of comfort and discomfort.   Material & Method: A qualitative approach using grounded theory was adopted in this study. The data collected by semi-structured interviews and participants’ observation, from a purposive sample of 31 medical-surgical patients, with 11 patients' accompanied relatives who were subjected to questions and constant comparative analysis. This study was conducted in five large teaching and semi-private hospitals in Iran.   Result: Date analysis covered a number of themes obviously included discomfort. In fact, experiencing discomfort was so persistent in the data, that it formed several categories including “physical, psychosocial and environmental discomfort”. Self help and organizing of informal caring web, and seeking help from others, were the participants’ main strategies to deal with discomfort.   Conclusion: The finding indicated that hospitalization of patients is not always necessarily equivalent to effective deal with caring and therapeutic needs. Patients experience a lot of distress related to hospital's policies, regulations and priorities. Patients can have active role for discomfort management. In addition, it is highlited the roles of patients' relative and care-givers in hospitals. Therefore, without cooperation of care-givers (patients' relatives), the quality of nursing care could be disturbed seriously.}, Keywords = {Comfort, grounded theory, Hospitalized patients}, volume = {19}, Number = {47}, pages = {89-101}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2006} }