@article{ author = {S.Assemi,}, title = {WHAT NURSES MUST KNOW AND DO IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION}, abstract ={Incredible advances in knowledge and technology that have been made in blood groups' identification, collection, fractionation, storage and related screening tests, have evolved transfusion medicine as a novel specialty of its' own. Feasibility of new surgical procedures is the result of these advancements. Infusing blood is a living transplantation procedure which carries its significant risks. So, its' usage must be limited to defendable and critical situations. Although, it is the physician’s responsibility to order the transfusion therapy but nurses are those who perform it. Therefore, both groups should be knowledgeable enough to commit it and detect the adverse effects in order to intervene whenever necessary.}, Keywords = {Blood transfusion, Nurses Blood transfusion reactions}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-63-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {T.NajafiGhezeljeh, and F.Rahimiha,}, title = {FOOT MASSAGING AND RELAXATION PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CANCER PATIENTS}, abstract ={Discomfort is one of the main complaints, and a common problem of cancer patients. Higher oxygen consumption, respiratory and pulse rates as well as blood pressure and muscle tension are physiologic responses to discomfort. Providing the patients with the massage leads to relaxation, comfort and eventually will change physiological responses. Determining the effects of foot massaging on relaxation physiological responses of hospitalized women with cancer, a crossover clinical trial study was conducted. So, 75 women all over 18 years, selected sequentially were divided in two groups, and also in a 3rd part situation named "controlled". Vital signs of groups were measured after 10 minutes of massaging, meanwhile in controlled situation patients were advised just to lye on their beds comfortably for 20 to 30 minutes, and then their vital signs were measured and recorded. Findings showed that there were statistically significant differences in pulse and, respiratory rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures of subjects with foot massage (1) and without massage and between subjects with foot massage (1) and (2) (except for systolic and diastolic blood pressure). In other words, massaging declined pulse and respiratory rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures. As repeated foot massage provided more reduction in pulse and respiratory rates, there weren’t statistically significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction. Variables trends of change were statistically significant (p<0/000), or, all variables decreased from controlled situation to massage (2) session. So, according to the results, nurses can use massage for providing relaxation and decreasing discomfort in cancer patients. Similar researches is recommended to be conducted for men.}, Keywords = {Foot massage, Cancer patients, Relaxation physiologic response}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {16-21}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-64-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {R.Bondad, and Z.Abedian,}, title = {FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP PATTERN OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN 3rd TRIMESTER}, abstract ={One of the most common Compliant of pregnancy is sleep disturbances. Producing factors of sleep disorders are different, in such away that cause many hardships in pre, Para and post partum. So, assessing sleep pattern in 3rd trimester of pregnancy, we conducted a descriptive research on 320 pregnant women. Data related to their sleep pattern were collected through sleep-log scale, and other required information's were gathered by interview sessions. As the results showed means of scores related to total sleep, quality of sleep, insomnia and finally alertness in daytime were respectively 26.05 8.76, 7.72 3.89, 12.87 4.86 and 5.46 3.05. Moreover, the most common probable reasons of sleep disturbances were urinary frequency (56.3%), back pain (48.1%), turning to sides (32.8%), mental engagements (30.6%) fetal movement (30.3%) and heart burn (29.1%). Overall, since many pregnant women suffer from sleep disturbances, especially during 3rd trimester, it is recommended to provide support systems to take care of mental health of mothers. Preventing side effects of sleep disturbances will promote mother and fetal well being.}, Keywords = {Sleep pattern, Sleep disturbance, Pregnancy}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {22-26}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-65-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {L.Eslambolchi, and M.YadavarNikravesh, and A.MoatamedNia, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {PRIMIPARAS CONCERNS AT FIRST WEEK POSTPARTUM}, abstract ={Delivering a baby is a time of physical and emotional transition for a woman, to help her successfully pass this transitional period her concerns should be carefully identified. So, in order to determine primiparas' concerns at first week postpartum. a descriptive study was conducted, in which data were collected through self-reporting questionnaires. To do so through consecutive sampling method, 150 primipara mothers were selected. Findings revealed that concerns were defined as worries, interests and confidences. Maternal worries consisted of genitalia pain, sutures, and subsequent infection possibilities, and regarding their babies' mothers were also worried about jaundice, diaper rashes, safety, infections, crying and problems of their infant protection during absence of themselves. Family related worries were sexual resumption and also another pregnancy. However, there were many issues in which mothers were interested or had confidences. To sum up, being aware of postpartum concerns may guide health providers to think of appropriate plans and interventions for mothers.}, Keywords = {Primipara, Postpartum concerns, Postpartum}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {27-33}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-66-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {F.Homayouni, and F.Dabbaghi, and E.JafarJalal, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NURSES\' PERCEPTION OF THEIR HEAD NURSES\' EMPOWERING BEHAVIORS AND THEIR OWN WORK EMPOWERMENT IN TEACHING HOSPITALS OF KHORRAM ABAD, 2003}, abstract ={Powerlessness has become endemic among most nurses in their work settings. It may be the result of inappropriate distribution of power in hospitals, allocating power to only a few at the top of hospital hierarchy imposing it. Determining the relationship between nurses' perception of their head nurses' empowering behaviors and their own work empowerment, a correlational study with contribution of 132 licensed nurses was carried on, in which nurses perceptions were measured by two self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that nurses obtained a moderate score in Leader Empowering Behavior (LEB). scale ( =3.78 1.71) and also in Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaires (C.W.E.Q) ( =15.15 4.2). Also a relatively strong statistically significant relation between the two major variables of the study was identified (rs=0.518, p<0.0001). So, it can be revealed that organizational managers have important roles in increasing work effectiveness through facilitating employees' access to empowerment structures at work settings. Broader surveys on empowerment in nursing and other health care professions are suggested.}, Keywords = {Work empowerment, Empowering behavior, Professional power}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {34-39}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-67-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.Nooritajer, and A.Ravandy, and H.Haghani,}, title = {THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE AND BODY MASS INDEX}, abstract ={Obviously, high blood pressure and obesity are two common risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. By the year 2000 in Iran the prevalence of high blood pressure and obesity has been reported to be respectively 11.5% and 33% after the age 15. Looking into the problem and early diagnosis of the risk factors would eventually prevent undesirable consequences. In order to find the relationship between high blood pressure and body mass index in workers of a factory, we conducted a cross-sectional study, in which data were gathered through questionnaires and 175 factory workers, selected randomly contributed in this study. The results showed that the average and standard deviation of weight was 76.9 11.27 and for height it was 170.81 7.3 meanwhile for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the level of blood cholestrol it was respectively 130 17.66%, 82.390 12.22 and 175.39 68. Moreover 17.2% had fasting blood sugar of more than 120 mg and as for the body mass index it was between 25-29.9 in 46.3% and 30-39 in 21.7%. We also found a statistically meaningful relation between body mass index and systolic blood pressure (P<0.002), and a meaningful relation was existed between body mass index and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.01). To sum up, 15% of the contributors suffered from moderate to severe high blood pressure and approximately two third (68%) of them were known as first to second degree obese persons. Serial examinations of the workers as the responsibility of community health nurses are recommended.}, Keywords = {High blood pressure, Body mass index, Risk factors, Cardiovascular diseases}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {40-46}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-68-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {M.Farajollahi, and M.Alikhani, and F.Farmani, and F.Hosseini,}, title = {FATIGUE IN CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVING CHEMOTHERAPY}, abstract ={Fatigue is one of the most common and a distressing side effect of cancer and its treatments. It can affect all aspects of patients’ life and leads to several other hardships. To determine fatigue intensity and it’s changing pattern among those suffering from cancer receiving chemotherapy, a descriptive longitudinal study was conducted. The principal method of data collection was a daily diary, with 28 visual analogue scales (Rhoten Fatique scale). Contributors were 120 cancer patients, receiving chemotherapy. The results indicated that all patients experienced fatigue during their chemotherapy cycles. The pattern of fatigue intensity showed alteration in fatigue scores through a chemotherapy cycle with apparent peak on the fifth day of the cycle. There was a significant relationship between the site of cancer and the level of recorded fatigue ( = 20/98, df=10, P=0/021).A meaningful relationship was identified between the number of chemotherapy cycles and the level of recorded fatigue ( =50/63, df=7, P<0/0001), but there was not a significant relationship between the chemotherapy regimens and the level of recorded fatigue ( = 12/65, df= 9, P= 0/179). To conclude, Findings showed that chemotherapy was associated with fatigue, and different scores were related to the site of cancer and the number of chemotherapy cycles. Therefore, recommendation is made about assessment and management of fatigue in these patients.}, Keywords = {Fatigue, Cancer, Chemotherapy}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-69-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {S.Rahimi, and A.Seyyed-rasouli,}, title = {NURSE’S DRUG PRECAUTIONS AWARENESS}, abstract ={Undoubtedly, being aware of drug precautions in one of the most prominant responsibilities of nurses'. Good quality nursing care depends highly on the level of nurses' knowledge about drugs. So, in order to determine nurses' knowledge about drugs, a descriptive-analytic survey was conducted, in which data were collected by questionnaires. Through an easy and non-randomized sampling method 100 nurses were involved in this study. As the results showed drug precautions awareness among nurses were weak (18%), average (77%) and good (5%). Furthermore, a statistically meaningful relation was found between the mean score of nurses' awareness, patients' safety and therapeutic dosages of drugs (P= 0.001). Conclusively, the results showed the depth of educational needs of nurses in relation with drug precautions, specially, on factors related to maintaining right therapeutic dosages. Planning in service education in relation with drugs is highly recommended.}, Keywords = {Pharmaceutical precautions, Nurse, Medical dosage, Patient\'s safty}, volume = {16}, Number = {36}, pages = {53-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-70-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2004} } @article{ author = {Ghodsi,Z, and Jahanfar,Sh, and Shahpourian,F, and Jamshidi,R,}, title = {THE EFFECT OF COMMUNITY BASED DISTRIBUTION FAMILY PLANNING ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN HAMEDAN, 1380-81}, abstract ={Conducting family planning programs at an extensive level in third world countries has economical, social and cultural advantages and decrease maternal and fetal mortality. Community based distribution (CBD) can effectively deliver family planning services at home. CBD promotes women’s Knowledge and facilitates their access to family planning methods. Finally, it enhances the rate of the usage of these methods. To determine the effect of community based distribution on family planning usage in Hamden’s household, a field study was carried out. Using a multy- staged method, 330 subjects were chosen and divided into two groups, control (n=110) and experimental (n=220). Findings revealed that by delivering family planning services at home the level of familiarity with preventive methods and also the correct usage of them will increases, as it was meaningfuly different in our two groups (P=0.001). Therefore, family planning services to be delivered at home is recommended. Evaluation of this service in remote areas (villages and tribes) and also the cost effectiveness of these programs are suggested to be done by other researches.}, Keywords = {Family planning services delivery at home (Community based distribution), The methods of pregnancy prevention, Unwelcome pregnancy.}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {10-13}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-71-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-71-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {BagherZade, A and Oskouie, F and Feizi, Z and Mahmoodi, M}, title = {OUTDOOR POLLUTION AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT}, abstract ={Air pollution, as an environmental factor affects the health status and growth of the fetus, considering that the air pollutants have dramatically increased in Tehran, reviewing the effects of them on the health situation of infants, which are very vulnerable seems to be of great importance. Hence, a retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1000 randomly selected newborns with gestational age of 28-42 weeks. Infants were assigned in two groups and compared based on their mother's areas of residency, during the third trimester of pregnancy. Findings showed that those mothers, who were the inhabitants of areas, where the level of particulate matters fewer than 10 microns (PM10) and carbon monoxide (CO), reported to be in reasonable level, consequently delivered babies with higher weight in comparison with those lived in areas in which two mentioned pollutants had a higher density. There were significant relationships between maternal exposure to (CO) and low birth weight (P=0.003) and also between maternal exposure to (PM10) and low birth weight (P=0.01). Moreover the relationships between birth weight and concentration of some gasses such as CO, SO2, NO2 and O3 were significantly meaningful and (P) values were respectively (0.011), (0.05), (0.009) and (0.03). Due to the fact that upon increase in the level of air pollutants such as CO, SO2 and NO2 low birth weight is to be anticipated. So mothers who work in polluted areas during their pregnancy are prone to this outcome. Thus, a similar study is recommended to be conducted focusing on the birth weight of infants of mothers who work during pregnancy. Also responsible authorities should device some plans to diminish the level of air pollution.}, Keywords = {Air pollution, Low weight infants, Major air pollutants, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM10.}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {14-19}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-72-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Tabrizian,L, and Nikpour,S, and MasroorRoodsari, and Haghani.H,}, title = {INDIVIDUAL PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) IN MARRIED WOMEN}, abstract ={Urinary tract infection UTI(s) is one of the most common types of infection in young women and is a public sanitary problem of many countries. It is estimated that 20-30 percent of women with a first UTI will have recurrent infection. The incidence is mostly in young women, and the disease can not be explained by underlying functional or anatomical abnormalities. So many researchers have focused on the habits, behavioral or genetic factors. Therefore, inorder to evaluate the individual factors predisposing to UTI(s) in married Women, a case- control study was carried out, and data wase gathered through questionnaires. Selected through a continuous sampling method, 400 women between the age of 14-45 were the contributers of this study. Through which, 200, belonged to the case group, and the rest were considered as the control group. As a result, meaningful statistically relationships were found between history of UTI diagnosis (P=0.001), and also previous use of antibiotics within 15-30 days prior entering the study (P=0.003) with the existed UTI. Overall, considering that the previous UTI diagnosis, and also usage of antibiotics were found to be the predisposing factors, it is recommended to list them as health teaching issues by the authorities, furthermore, other studies should be conducted to reveal the factors which cause first and recurrent UTI(s) separately. A prospective cohort study, by record information about individual predisposing factors in daily diaries is suggested.}, Keywords = {Urinary tract infection, Married women, Predisposing factors}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {20-24}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-73-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Askari,M, and Taavoni,S, and Haghani,H, and Allami,M, and Taftachi,F,}, title = {THE MEDICO-LEGAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE MIDWIVES EMPLOYED BY THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES OF IRAN}, abstract ={As basic coordinators between families and the health care units, midwives have important roles in the reproductive health of the community. Being able to prevent any problem in the course of their professional life, they must be aware of the legal aspects of their occupation. Therefore, inorder to determine the knowledge level of the midwives about the proceeding trial for disciplinary violations a cross-sectional study was conducted, in which the data were collected by self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 274 midwives including faculty members of nursing & midwifery schools (N=18) and evenly distributed midwives employed in the university hospitals and health centers (N=256). The results of the study showed that the mean knowledge level of the employed midwives was weak. Significant relations were obtained between knowledge of the proceeding trial for different disciplinary violations and the place of employment (on midwifery ethics) and also secondary employment in the private sector (on reproductive healthcare) respectively (P=0.04) and (P=0.031). So, according to the findings only 2.2% of the Midwives had a good knowledge of the proceeding trial for different disciplinary Violations. Therefore it is recommended to revise the syllabus of the course "Midwifery History, Ethics and Regulations" in order to include topics of the kind, discussed in this study and enhance the level of medico-legal knowledge of the midwives. Presentation of different rules and regulations in a simple language to all emplgees, emphasizing on violation penalties is another suggestion.}, Keywords = {Medico-legal knowledge, Disciplinary violations, Malpractice}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {25-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Gharibi,M, and Dabbaghi,F, and Kermansaravi,F,}, title = {FACTORS RELEVANT TO THE USE OF 1 PERCENT CHLORINE FOR CHLORINATION IN FAMILIES}, abstract ={According to the reports of world health organization (WHO), 80 percent of human diseases are due to contaminated water either for drinking or sanitation. International water sanitation program says that 50 percent of people across the world have no access to healthy water and 75 percent of the third world population do not have water for sanitation. The present semi experimental study aims at determining factors relevant to the chlorination in the families under the coverage of health houses of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Research sample was composed of 2100 households which were under the coverage of health houses of the province. They were investigated in two groups (case and control) on the basis of stratified and random sampling. The findings indicated that 37.5. Percent of households who used 1% chlorine for chlorination, had a comprehensive knowledge about it and of which 23.5 percent belonged to the control group. The results of logestic regression indicated that those who had good or moderate knowledge, used 1% chlorine for chlorination more than the group with poor knowledge. Finding also showed that 98.8 percent in case group and 93.7 percent in the other one had a positive approach to chlorination. Furthermore, a significant correlation was established between approaches and performances of both groups (P<0.05). Meaningful relationships existed between the level of knowledge and approaches, household and ethnicity, the performances and the size of the households (P< 0.05). Reasons for not doing chlorination were awful taste and smell (37.65%), no access to chlorine (26.64%) and time limitation to do so (18.23%), meanwhile, those who were doing chlorination mentioned that prevention of diseases (68.88%), considering sanitary principles (16.06%) and a combination of these two (12.06%) are our reasons for doing this task. To conclude, regarding the results of this study training programs should be considered to enhance awareness about the importance of chlorination and the usage method, in order to prevent undesirable physical damages due to contaminated water.}, Keywords = {Chlorination, Knowledge, Approach, Performance}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {33-37}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-75-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Shahvary,Z, and Allamy,M, and Shokraby,SH, and Haghani,H,}, title = {SIDE EFFECTS OF INDIAN T IUD (PREGNA) AFTER 21 MONTHS OF INSERTION}, abstract ={Nowadays IUD(s) are the most commonly used reversible contraceptive in the world. More than 130 million women are thought to use it, while a large number of them put this method away because of some medical reasons. While a comprehensive patient’s screening may highly decrease it’s side effects, a historical cohort retrospective study was performed to determine the side effects of pregna after 21st month of insertion. In order to gather the data all 1008 files of patients which refferd to one of the health centers in karaj were studied. Findings revealed that after 21st month of insertion patients suffered from expulsion (8.3%), unintended pregnancy (0.6%) dysmenorrhea (2%), heavy bleeding (7.1%)., long lasting bleeding (3.1%), spotting and intermenstural bleeding (11.1%), infection (39.6%), missed period, (1.9%), lost IUD thread (1%) and low back pain (0.4%), meanwhile during the first year of insertion, side effects were as follow, unreasonable bleeding (7.7%), infection 32%, heavy bleeding 6.5%, long lasting bleeding (2.7%), spotting and intermenstural bleeding (9.5%) and dysmenorrhean (1.9%). To sum up, there were not any differences between the results of this study and other similar ones. It can be said that the side effects will decrease as the years pass. We also recommend a prospective study for determination of the side effects in long term period (more than 21 months).}, Keywords = {Prevention of Pregnancy, IUD, Side effect}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {38-42}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-76-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Rafii, F and Oskouie, F and YadavarNikravesh,}, title = {GROUNDED THEORY DATA ANALYSIS}, abstract ={Grounded Theory is a qualitative research approach used to explore the social processes that present within human interactions. Glaser and Strauss (1967) developed the method and published the first text addressing method issues. Grounded theory includes systematic techniques and procedures of analysis that enable the researcher to develope a substantive theory. The discovery of a core variable is the goal of grounded theory. The core variable serves as the foundational concept for theory generation. During the conduction of a grounded theory study, the processes of data collection, coding and analysis occur simultaneously. The three levels of open, axial, and selective coding constitutes the coding procedures. Memoing preserves emerging hypotheses, analytical schemes, hunches and abstractions. Saturation occurs after many rounds of coding, until no new categories emerge from the process. At this point, the researcher can begin determining the relationships between categories. A good report of research reflects the theory in such a way that allows an outsider to grasp its’ meaning and apply its concepts. By doing grounded theory researcher makes a contribution to the body of knowledge.}, Keywords = {Grounded theory, Glaser, Strauss &amp, Corbin, Constant comparison, Open coding, Axial coding, Selective coding, Memoing, Theoretical sampling}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {43-49}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-77-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Sadeghisanabadi, and Koocheki,SA, and Soliemanborogerdi, and Mohammadalyha, and Khachian,A, and Hoseini,F,}, title = {EFFECT OF TEACHING ON SELF CARE ABILITY OF PATIENTS WITH ILEOSTOMY AND COLOSTOMY}, abstract ={Teaching the patients is considered to be an important duty of nurses, and is one of the standards of quality nursing supervisions, According to this, all patients have the right to be thought in order to keep their health. Suffering from a chronic illness, Patients with ostomies need to gain the knowledge and skill of being self care. So, determing the effect of teaching on self care manner of patient with an ostomy, a clinical trial study was conducted. Contributers were 32 patients selected by continuous and random method. All patients were interviewed before teaching and then teaching booklets were distributed. Findings revealed that There was not a meaningful difference between patient’s refferal to physician due to any unpredicted signs or compliance of diet regime in prevention of constipation, but comparatively, after teaching a significant relationship was found between prevention of bad odor, diarrhea, stenosis of the ostoma and the correct way of irrigation and changing of the bag (p<0.05). Moreover, we found that 67.7% of the patients complained about the bad odor of the stoma, 41.9% of them claimed that they could not do exercises, 54.8% said that their ostomies interfere with their social life, 53.1% did not know that there is an institution to help them, and finally 56.3% reckoned that they had not had knowledge about their stoma and the way to take care of it. Since, the results highlighted the effectiveness of teaching in improving self care ability, serious and organized teaching programs is suggested to be performed by nurses.}, Keywords = {Ostomy, Colostomy, Ileostomy, Selfcare}, volume = {16}, Number = {35}, pages = {50-54}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-78-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Mogarehi,M, and ZarifSanaiey,N,}, title = {PRESSURE SORE INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS ADMITTED IN MEDICAL, SURGICAL AND ORTHOPEDIC WARDS IN AFFILIATED HOSPITALS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES}, abstract ={Background: The Problem of pressure sores has been a challenge for nurses since long ago. Objective: Identifying the Pressure sore incidence and risk factors in patients admitted in medical, surgical and orthopedic wards of hospitals affiliated to Shiraz university of medical sciences. Design: This was a descriptive study, in which 602 patients in mentioned wards were assessed through using a questionnaire collection of data had a continuous pattern during the hospitalization of the patients. Sample: 602 hospitalized Patients were selected to Participate in this study. Result: Results indicated that the incidence of pressure sore was 19.1%. Medical wards were in the top of list from the point to most frequency and the surgical wards were the least. There were also significant relationships between heart failure, low level of hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum albumin level, systolic blood Pressure from than 130 mmHg and less than 90 mmHg and the incidence rate of pressure sores. Conclusion: Considering the high occurrence rate of pressure sores, and also meaning full correlations between many factors contributed to pressure sores occurrence. It is recommended to use proper criterion for deforming risk factors in patients.}, Keywords = {Pressure sore, Risk factors, Prevention of pressure sore in hospitalized patient}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {8-13}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-79-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Allami,M.L,}, title = {TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL}, abstract ={The resurgence of tuberculosis in recent years has made an effective control strategy in indispensable. The strategy exists and is called Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) which is the worldwide best and Practical approach. In a five year period since the (DOTS) was adopted by WHO as a strategy to combat tuberculosis worldwide, more than 1.2 million people have received this treatment, most of which are young and middle-aged adults, and more than 900000 of them had had the infection, smear-positive form of the disease. If these patients had only access to the conventional treatments, available in their countries, many of them would almost certainly had died and many more would have become chronic cases, spreading the disease in their communities. It is, in fact, these chronic cases remained from poor and or interrupted treatments, that become the main sources of deadly drug resistant strains of tuberculosis. Key components of the (DOTS) strategy 1. A network of trained workers able to administer, directly observed therapy at least for the first two months of the onset of the disease. 2. Laboratories equipped with trained personnel to recognize tubercle bacilli in sputum smear samples. 3. A dependable supply of high-quality drugs. 4. An accurate record-keeping and cohort analysis system for monitoring, case-finding, treatment and outcomes. 5. Sustained political commitment and funding.}, Keywords = {Tuberculosis, Control of tuberculosis, (DOTS) Treatment}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {14-18}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-80-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Mogarehi,M, and Shokranian,N,}, title = {KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF STUDENT NURSES TOWARDS AIDS}, abstract ={Background: AIDS, one of the most perilous infectious diseases which has killed lots of victims all over the world. Considering the fact that nowadays, this disease is incurable, the only way of challenging it, is prevention. Since student nurses are in continuous contact with these Patients. A survey is conducted to assess their knowledge and attitude towards HIV and AIDS. Objective: To determine the knowledge and attitude of student nurses to wards AIDS. Design: This was a cross – sectional descriptive study. Sample: 147 senior student nurses contributed in this study. Result: Finding revealed that 61.8% of the students were not knowledgeable enough about the ways of the transmission of the disease, and 71.9% of them did not know the time of transmission from mothers to their fetuses, regarding the prevention pathways 68% of the sample group were not familiar with the necessity of isolation and 73.9% of them did not know how to establish protective measures, while doing physical examination of patients suffering from AIDS. Concerning their attitudes towards disease 80.6% of the student nurses belived that the patients should be cared in special hospitals and 74.5% of them mentioned that they will avoid mouth to mouth respirations for these patients if it is needed. On the other hand 97.3% of them were eager to obtain more information about this disease. Conclusion: The results of this research illustrated the importance of sufficient teaching programs for student nurses which may improve the qullity of care for patients and decrease the likelihood of transmission of the disease.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, AIDS}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {19-24}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-81-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Navvabi,E, and Derakhshan,A, and Sharif,F, and Amirghofran,A, and Tabatabaei,H,}, title = {IMPACTS OF TEACHING ON THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF PATIENTS HAVE UNDERGONE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT IN NEMAZEE HOSPITAL IN SHIRAZ}, abstract ={Background: Coronary obstructive heart diseases have a great incidence in the world and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery is one of the most effective treatments for these disorders. CABG is a crisis and a threat for patient and his family which produces a great deal of anxiety. Anxiety can produce mental, physiological and behavioral disorders. Researches indicated that pre- admission education can decrease the anxiety level and stress of the patient and his family. Nurse as a member of this health care team is responsible for this teaching. Objective: To assess the impact of teaching on the anxiety level of patients have undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery. Design: This was an–experimental study and informations were obtained through Hamilton questionnaire. Sample: 60 subjects with required criterias were selected randomly and divided into experimental (30) and control (30) groups. Result: findings showed that in the experimental group, the mean of anxiety level was 22 in the first stage and 6.4 in the second stage which had a statistically significant relationship (p=0/0001) while in the control group, the mean of anxiety level was 18.6 in the first stage and 28.3 in the second stage which was not found significantly related (p=0/134). Conclusion: A significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups from the Point of their anxiety level. (p= 0/0001) showing the positive effect of teaching on reducing the anxiety level in patients have undergone Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery}, Keywords = {Teaching, Anxiety, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {25-29}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-82-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {JalilehVand,N, and KashaniArani,Z,}, title = {FREQUENCY OF HEAD AND NECK INJURIES ALONG WITH SPEECH AND LANGUAGES DISORDERS.}, abstract ={  Background: Citizens are always facing injuries caused by accidents, and the most vulnerable Parts of the body are the head and the neck. These kinds of injuries often are accompanied by language and speech disorders.   Objective: The study of frequency of head and neck injuries caused by accidents and it’s related speech and language disorders.   Design: This descriptive research was carried out in nine hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences, informations were collected and extracted according to international coding system (ICD.10.1992)   Sample: 1143 Patients being admitted in 1378 were selected to contribute in this study.   Result: Findings showed that: the most frequent injury was related to head 83.1% and the most involed group age was 16-45 years old (58.2%). Gender frequency was respectively 77%, 23% in male and female groups. Different types of speech and language disorders such as: Aphasia, Dysarthria, Articulation disorders and Phonations were found to exist after injures.   Conclusion: Considering that the frequency of head and neck injuries is almost high among younger people, whom are responsible for supporting families and also the high incidence of speech and language difficulties accompanied by these injuries, providing rehabilitation programs is of great importance.}, Keywords = {Accidents, Head and neck injuries, Speech and tangoage disorders}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {30-36}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-83-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Roohani,M, and FarahaniNia,M., and HakimiGilani, and Hagghani,H,}, title = {RISK FACTORS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WOMEN AND MEN}, abstract ={  Background: Myocardial infarction is one of the most common causes of hospitalization in industrial countries, and the most common cause of myocardial infarction is the formation of thrombosis on atherosclerotic plaques. There are many risk factors which affect atherosclerosis formation process. It seems that sex plays an important role in development of myocardial infarction.   Objective: To determine and compare myocardial infarction risk factors in women and men.   Design: This was a case – control study.   Sample: Using the consecutive sampling method, 250 women and 251 men suffering from myocardial infarction for the first time, admitted in Coronary Care Units (CCUs) were assigned to the case group while 249 and 248 respectively women and men in surgical units formed the control group.   Result: Findings indicated that stress, positive family history, smoking, diabetese in women, meanwhile in men stress, positive family history, diabetese, smoking, were the major risk factors of myocardial infarction considering that the ratio of factors were stress (28/9) positive family history (21/9), smoking (12/9) and diabetes (12/23) in women, and for the opposite sex it was stress, (53/59) positive family history (30/75) diabetese (12/59) and smoking (11/3). It is revealed that the least important factor was inappropriate diet regimen in both sexes.   Conclusion: Results showed that the most important risk factors for both sexes were stress, positive family history, smoking and diabetese. It is recommended to control these factors in order to prevent myocardial infarction which will result to a diminished direct and indirect costs of this disease.}, Keywords = {Myocardial infarction, Risk factors, Comparison}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {37-45}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-84-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Raftari,Z, and Tavakoli,M.A, and ZarrinNaal,A,}, title = {COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MOTHER’S HEALTH BEHAVIORS IN HOSPITALIZED INFANTS WITH DIARRHEA OR WITHOUT IT}, abstract ={  Background: Although, many efforts have been carried out regarding infant ’ s health in recent years, consistent infections such as diarrhea is a cause of pathogenecity or even death among infants under 2 years old according to not have done which is attributed to inadequate nutrition and health care.   Objective: To compare mother ’ s health behaviors in hospitalized infants with diarrhea or without it, in pediatric department of Ali- Ebn- Abitaleb hospital.   Design: This was a descriptive study. For gathering information, check lists were used.   Sample: 434 mothers of infants which were under the age of two contributed in this study.   Result: There was just a significant difference between infants nutritional status and the cause of admission ( P=0.0002), in that, breast fed babies had the lower occurrence of diarrhea, in comparison with those who were not. No significant relationship was found between sex and the cause of admission, but the number of boys suffering from diarrhea was more than the girls.   Conclusion: Regarding the findings, as breast feeding, in comparison to animal or industrial milk, decrease the risks of diarrhea, it is recommended to breast fed babies till the end of age two. Which will inhibit the risk of diarrhea and it ’ s complications.}, Keywords = {Health behaviors, Infant’s nutrition, Diarrhea}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {46-50}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-85-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} } @article{ author = {Oskouie, F and Ramezani,KH, and Taavoni,S, and Hagghani,H,}, title = {ASSESING THE OUTCOMES OF PROLONGED PREGNANCY}, abstract ={  Background: Lengthened pregnancy after the 41st week will create problems for mother, fetus and newborn. Assessing the outcomes of prolonged pregnancy are research priorities.   Objective : To determine the maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes of prolonged pregnancy.   Design: This was a case -control study in which the data were collected through record sheets.   Sample: There were 1800 samples in this research of which 600 women (prolonged pregnancy) made the case group and were se lected through continuous sampling. Control group included 1200 women (normal pregnancy) which were chosen by simple random sampling.   Result: The findings indicated there was significant relationship between maternal outcomes (i.e. such as induction of labour, responding to induction in the 1st and 2nd days, spontaneous and cesarean child birth, postpartum hemorrhage, and duration of second stage of delivery) and prolonged pregnancy (P<0.05). There were also significant relationship between prolonged pregnancy and fetal outcomes such as fetal distress, meconium passage, decreased fetal movements in admission time, and decreased volume of amniotic fluid (P<0/05).   Regarding to neonatal outcomes, there was a significant relationship between prolonged pregnancy and admission in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and infant weight at birth (P< 0.05).   Conclusion: Based on the findings, increased labour induction, responding to induction in the second day, preference of child birth through cesarean, increased postpartum hemorrhage, prolonged second stage of delivery, fetal distress, meconium passage, decreased fetal movements in admission time, decreased volume of amniotic fluid, and increased infant birth weight were known adverse outcomes of prolonged pregnancy. Therefore, the termination of prolonged pregnancy after 41st is recommended. This termination is recommended to be done at areas equipped with special cares and facilities (i.e. child birth, after child birth, infant resuscitation, and NICU facilities).}, Keywords = {Prolonged pregnancy, Outcomes of prolonged pregnancy, Maternal outcomes, Fetal outcomes, Neonatal outcomes}, volume = {16}, Number = {34}, pages = {51-57}, publisher = {دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران}, url = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.html}, eprint = {http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-86-en.pdf}, journal = {Iran Journal of Nursing}, issn = {2008-5931}, eissn = {2008-5931}, year = {2003} }